Neoplasias intramedulares y extramedulares asociadas a neuropatías en caninos
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Palabras clave:
cáncer, neurología, patología, pequeños animales
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Resumen
Este documento presenta una revisión bibliográfica que contiene los aspectos más importantes de las neuropatías asociadas a neoplasias intramedulares y extramedulares en caninos, incluso su fisiopatología. Para el médico veterinario de pequeños animales es difícil encontrar una herramienta que sintetice de manera clara y concisa la temática abordada en esta revisión; de hecho, poder conocer la fisiopatología de las neoplasias intramedulares y extramedulares, y llegar a diagnosticar estas afecciones, es bastante complicado y demanda muchos años de experiencia. Además, los últimos avances en las técnicas diagnósticas y los nuevos protocolos de tratamiento propuestos no son siempre conocidos por todos, de modo tal que el abordaje de dicha materia podrá contribuir a llenar aquellos vacíos de conocimiento de quienes a diario atienden pacientes con neuropatías y descartan la posibilidad de que esta sea de origen infeccioso, degenerativo, traumatológico u otros.
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Sánchez PicoF., & Alzate GómezG. (1). Neoplasias intramedulares y extramedulares asociadas a neuropatías en caninos. Spei Domus, 7(15). Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.ucc.edu.co/index.php/sp/article/view/603
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En calidad de autor del artículo, declaro que este, es un trabajo original, inédito, de mi creación exclusiva, que no se ha postulado a evaluación simultánea en otra publicación y que no cuenta con algún impedimento de cualquier naturaleza para la concesión de los derechos previstos en este contrato.
En ese sentido, me comprometo a esperar un resultado de evaluación de la revista, antes de considerar su presentación a otro medio, en caso de que la respuesta de publicación no sea positiva; adicionalmente, me comprometo a responder por cualquier acción de reivindicación, plagio u otra clase de reclamación que al respecto pudiera sobrevivir por parte de terceros.
Asimismo, declaro que como autor o coautor, estoy de acuerdo por completo con los contenidos presentados en este trabajo y cedo todos los derechos patrimoniales, es decir, la reproducción, comunicación pública, distribución, divulgación, transformación, puesta a disposición y demás formas de explotación de la obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, a la revista y a la Editorial de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia.
Citas
[1] Meuten D. Tumors in domestic Animals. 4th ed. Iowa Sta-te Press, 2002.
[2] Heyman SJ, Diefenderfer DL, Goldschmidt MH, Newton CD. Canine axial skeletal osteosarcoma. A retrospective study of 116 cases (1986-1989). Veterinary Surgery 2(14): 304-310, 1992.
[3] De Lahunta A. Neurological Examination. International Veterinary Information Service. 2001. Disponible en In-ternet [diciembre del 2010]: http://www.ivis.org/special_books/Braund/delahunta/IVIS.pdf.
[4] Clemmons RM. The Neurologic Examination, disponible en Internet [diciembre del 2010]: http://neuro.vetmed.ufl.edu/neuro/NExam.htm.
[5] Pellegrino F, Suraniti A, Garibaldi L. Neurología para la práctica clínica. 1ª ed. Buenos Aires: Intermédica, 2003.
[6] Goldschmidt MH, Thral DE. Malignant bone tumors in the dog. International Veterinary Information Servi-ce (www.ivis.org) 1995, disponible en Internet [diciem-bre del 2010]: http://www.ivis. org/special_books/ortho/chapter_74/IVIS.pdf.
[7] Luttgen PJ, Braund KG, Brawner WR Jr., Vandevelde MA. Retrospective study of twenty-nine spinal tumours in the dog and cat. Journal of Small Animal Practice 21: 213-226, 1980.
[8] Theon AP, Lecouteur RA, Carr EA, Griffey SM. Influen-ce of tumor cell proliferation and sex hormone receptors on effectiveness of radiation therapy for dogs with incom-pletely resected meningiomas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1; 216(5):701-7, 2000.
[9] Fukuoka M, Matsui N, Otsuka T, Murakami M, Seo Y. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Experimental Subacute Spinal Cord Compression. Spine 15; 23(14):1540-9, 1998.
[10] Summers BA, Lahunta DA, McEntee M, Kuhajda FP. A novel intradural extramedullary spinal cord tumor in young dogs 75(4), 1988.
[11] Duesberg CA et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for diag-nosis of pituitary macrotumors in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1; 206(5):657-62, 1995.
[12] Platt SR, Abramson CJ, Garosi LS. Administering Corti-costeroids in Neurologic Diseases. Compend Contin Educ Vet. 27(3), 2005, disponible en Internet: http://www.vetlearn.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/106/ArticleID/283/Default. asp.
[13] Brehm DM, Vite CH, Steinberg HS, Haviland J, Winkle T. A retrospective evaluation of 51 cases of peripheral ner-ve sheath tumors in the dog. Journal of the American Ani-mal Hospital Association 31(4):349-359, 1995.
[14] Brower A, Salamat S, Crawford J, Manley P. Unilateral limb enlargement in a dog with a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. VET 42:353. 2005
[15] Thompson JP, Fugent MJ. Evaluation of survival times after limb amputation, with and without subsequent administration of cisplatin, for treatment of appendicu-lar osteosarcoma in dogs: 30 cases (1979-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 200(4):531-533, 1992.
[16] Viott AM, Ramos AT, Mazzanti A, Kommers GD, Graça DL. Schwannoma with bone differentiation in a dog Bra-zilian. Journal of Veterinary Pathology 1(2):52-55, 2008.
[17] Braund KG. Clinical neurology in small animals - Loca-lization, diagnosis and treatment. International Veterinary Information Service, 2002.
[18] Meij B. Spinal Cord and Nerve Sheath Tumors: Diagnosis and Surgery, Proceedings of the World Small Animal Ve-terinary Association Mexico, 2005, disponible en Internet: www.vin.com/proceedings/Proceedings.plx.
[19] Björn M. Spinal cord and nerve sheath tumors: diagnosis and surgery. Proceedings of the World Small Animal Ve-terinary Association Mexico, 2005.
[20] Jones JC. Neuroimaging. International Veterinary Infor-mation Service, 2002.
[21] Cavalcanti JN, Amstalden EM, Guerra JL, Magna LC. Osteosarcoma in dogs: clinical-morphological study and prognostic correlation. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Re-search and Animal Science 41:299-305, 2004.
[22] Tobias KM, Seguin B, Pooya HA, Tucker RL, Gavin PR. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Small Animal Medici-ne: Clinical Applications. Compend Contin Educ Vet. 26; 4, disponible en Internet [diciembre 2010]: http://www.vetlearn.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/106/ArticleID/2864/ Default.aspx.
[23] Brodey RS, Riser WH. Canine osteosarcoma: a clinico-pathologic study of 194 cases. Clinical Orthopedics 62(4): 26-32, 1969.
[24] Cooley DM, Waters DJ. Skeletal neoplasms of small dogs: a retrospective study and literature review. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 33(8):11-23, 1997.
[25] Loukopoulos P, Robinson WF. Clinicopathological rele-vance of tumour grading in canine osteosarcoma. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 136: 65-73, 2007.
[26] Ling GV, Morgan JP, Pool RR. Primary bone tumors in the dog: A combined clinical, radiographic, and histologi-cal approach to early diagnosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 165:55-67, 1974.
[27] Peiffer RL, Rebar A, Burk R. Fibrosarcoma involving the skeleton of the dog. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 69:1143-1148, 1974.
[28] Popovitch CA, Weinstein MJ, Goldschmidt MH, Sho-fer FS. Chondrosarcoma: A retrospective study of 97 dogs (1987-1990). Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 30:81-85, 1994.
[29] Ramírez M, Calzada LA, Colin R. Schwanoma en la re-gión pélvica de un perro de raza doberman, Nota de in-vestigación, disponible en: http://www.biblioteca.org.ar/libros/90223.pdf.
[30] Brodey RS, Sauer RM, Medway W. Canine bone neo-plasms. J Am Vet Med Assoc 143:471-495, 1963.
[31] Jacobson SA. The Comparative Pathology of the Tumors of Bone. Springfield, IL, Charles C. Thomas, 1971.
[32] Morgan JP, Ackerman N, Bailey CS, Pool RR. Vertebral tumors in the dog: A clinical, radiologic, and pathologic study of 61 primary and secondary lesions. Veterinary Ra-diology 21:197-212, 1980.
[33] Bingel SA, Brodey RS, Allen HL, Riser WH. Hae-mangiosarcoma of bone in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 15:303-322, 1974.
[34] Stoica G, Kim HT, Hall DG, Coated JR. Morphology, inmunohistochemistry, and Genetic Alterations in dog as-trocytomas. Veterinary Pathology 41(1):10-19, 2004.
[35] Suess RP Jr, Martin RA, Shell LG, Carrig CB, Moon ML. Vertebral lymphosarcoma in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197(1):101-3, 1990.
[36] Hausmann ON, Kirsch EC, Tolnay M, Gratzl O. In-tramedullary spinal cord tumours: a clinical outcome and radiological follow-up study. Swiss Medical Weekly 131:582-587, 2001.
[37] Norman A et al. X-ray phototherapy for canine brain mas-ses. Radiation Oncology Investigations 5(1):8-14, 1997.
[38] Vecchio NE, Tobias TA. Multifocal Anaplastic Astro-cytoma in the Lumbar-Sacral Spinal Cord of a 7 year-old Blood Hound; MedVet Memphis Specialty Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA. Analecta Veterinaria 28(2):38-41, 2008.
[39] Kliehues P, Cavenee WK. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours Pathology and Genetics – Tu-mors of the Nervous System. IARC Press, France 9-52, 2000.
[40] Luginbuhl H, Fankhauser R, McGrath JT. Spontaneous neoplasias of the nervous system in animals. Prg Neurol Surg 2:85-164,1968.
[41] Foster E, Carrillo J, Patnaik A. Clinical signs of tumors affecting the rostral cerebrum in 43 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2(2):71-4, 1988.
[42] Mamom T, Meyer L, Hewicker TM, Baumgärtner W. Oligodendroglioma in the Cervical Spinal Cord of a Dog. Veterinary Pathology 41:524, 2004.
[43] Mckay JS, Target MP, Jeffrey ND. Histological characte-rization of an ependymoma in the fourth ventricle of a cat. Journal of Comparative Pathology 120:105-113, 1999.
[44] Moulton JE. Tumors in Domestic Animals. 1a ed. Univer-sity of California Press, 1990.
[45] Nyska A, Shamir MH, Harmelin A, Sandbank J, Waner T. Intracraneal gangliocytoma in a dog. Veterinary Pathology 32(2):190-192, 1995.
[46] Mattix ME, Mattix RJ, Williams BH, Ribas JL, Wilhelm-sen CL. Olfactory ganglioneuroblastoma in a dog: a light, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical study. Veteri-nary Pathology 31(2):262-5, 1994.
[47] Marcotte L, McConkey SE, Hanna P, Foley P, Burton S. Malignant adrenal neuroblastoma in a young dog. Can Vet J 45(9):773-776, 2004.
[48] Dugan SJ, Schwarz PD, Roberts SV, Ching SV. Primary optic nerve meningioma and pulmonary metastasis in a dog. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Associa-tion 29(1):1-16, 1993.
[49] Platt S, Garosi L, Adams V et al. Canine intracranial me-ningiomas outcome following corticosteroids, hypofrac-tioned radiotherapy or multimodality therapy; 60 cases. Proc 16th Euro Soc Vet Neurol Symp, 2003
[50] Mauldin EA, Deehr AJ, Hertzke D, Dubielzig RR. Cani-ne orbital meningiomas: a review of 22 cases. Veterinary Ophthalmology 3(1):11-16, 2000.
[51] Adamo PF, Forrest L, Dubielzig R. Canine and feli-ne meningiomas: Diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian 26:951-957, 2004.
[52] Sessums K, Mariani C. Intracranial meningioma in dogs and cats: A comparative review. Compend Contin Educ Vet 31(4), 2009. Disponible en: ttp://www.vetlearn.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/106/ArticleID/2535/ Default.as.
[53] Patnaik AK, Kay WJ, Hurvitz AI. Intracranial meningio-mas: A comparative pathological study of 28 dogs. Veteri-nary Pathology 23(4): 369-73, 1986.
[54] Schulman FY, Ribas JL, Carpenter JL, Sisson AF, LeCou-teur RA. Intracranial meningiomas with pulmonary me-tastasis in three dogs. Veterinary Pathology 29:196-202, 1992.
Neoplasias
[55] Adamo PF, Cantile C, Steinberg H. Evaluation of pro-gesterone and estrogen receptor expression in 15 menin-giomas of dogs and cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 64(10):1310-1318, 2003.
[56] Heidner GL, Kornegay JN, Page RL, Dodge RK, Thrall DE. Analysis of survival in a retrospective study of 86 dogs with brain tumors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medici-ne 5(4):219-26, 1991.
[57] Gordon LE, Thacher C, Matthiesen DT, Joseph RJ. Re-sults of craniotomy for the treatment of cerebral menin-gioma in 42 cats. Veterinary Surgery 23(2):94-100, 1994.
[58] Andrews EJ. Clinicopathological characteristics of menin-giomas in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:151-157, 1973.
[59] Axlund TW, McGlasson ML, Smith AN. Surgery alone or in combination with radiation therapy for treatment of intracranial meningiomas in dogs: 31 cases (1989-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1; 221(11):1597-600, 2002.
[60] Kostolich M, Dulisch ML. A surgical approach to the ca-nine olfactory bulb for meningioma removal. Veterinary Surgery 16(4): 273-7, 1987.
[61] Chijiwa K, Uchida K, Tateyama S. Immunohistochemi-cal Evaluation of Canine Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors and Other Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Veterinary Patholology 41:307-18, 2004.
[62] Graça DL, Fernandes CG, Souza MV, Ilha MS. Schwan-noma de V par craneano y ganglio en pastor alemán. Rela-to de un caso. Med. Vet. 15: 652-6, 1998.
[2] Heyman SJ, Diefenderfer DL, Goldschmidt MH, Newton CD. Canine axial skeletal osteosarcoma. A retrospective study of 116 cases (1986-1989). Veterinary Surgery 2(14): 304-310, 1992.
[3] De Lahunta A. Neurological Examination. International Veterinary Information Service. 2001. Disponible en In-ternet [diciembre del 2010]: http://www.ivis.org/special_books/Braund/delahunta/IVIS.pdf.
[4] Clemmons RM. The Neurologic Examination, disponible en Internet [diciembre del 2010]: http://neuro.vetmed.ufl.edu/neuro/NExam.htm.
[5] Pellegrino F, Suraniti A, Garibaldi L. Neurología para la práctica clínica. 1ª ed. Buenos Aires: Intermédica, 2003.
[6] Goldschmidt MH, Thral DE. Malignant bone tumors in the dog. International Veterinary Information Servi-ce (www.ivis.org) 1995, disponible en Internet [diciem-bre del 2010]: http://www.ivis. org/special_books/ortho/chapter_74/IVIS.pdf.
[7] Luttgen PJ, Braund KG, Brawner WR Jr., Vandevelde MA. Retrospective study of twenty-nine spinal tumours in the dog and cat. Journal of Small Animal Practice 21: 213-226, 1980.
[8] Theon AP, Lecouteur RA, Carr EA, Griffey SM. Influen-ce of tumor cell proliferation and sex hormone receptors on effectiveness of radiation therapy for dogs with incom-pletely resected meningiomas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1; 216(5):701-7, 2000.
[9] Fukuoka M, Matsui N, Otsuka T, Murakami M, Seo Y. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Experimental Subacute Spinal Cord Compression. Spine 15; 23(14):1540-9, 1998.
[10] Summers BA, Lahunta DA, McEntee M, Kuhajda FP. A novel intradural extramedullary spinal cord tumor in young dogs 75(4), 1988.
[11] Duesberg CA et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for diag-nosis of pituitary macrotumors in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1; 206(5):657-62, 1995.
[12] Platt SR, Abramson CJ, Garosi LS. Administering Corti-costeroids in Neurologic Diseases. Compend Contin Educ Vet. 27(3), 2005, disponible en Internet: http://www.vetlearn.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/106/ArticleID/283/Default. asp.
[13] Brehm DM, Vite CH, Steinberg HS, Haviland J, Winkle T. A retrospective evaluation of 51 cases of peripheral ner-ve sheath tumors in the dog. Journal of the American Ani-mal Hospital Association 31(4):349-359, 1995.
[14] Brower A, Salamat S, Crawford J, Manley P. Unilateral limb enlargement in a dog with a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. VET 42:353. 2005
[15] Thompson JP, Fugent MJ. Evaluation of survival times after limb amputation, with and without subsequent administration of cisplatin, for treatment of appendicu-lar osteosarcoma in dogs: 30 cases (1979-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 200(4):531-533, 1992.
[16] Viott AM, Ramos AT, Mazzanti A, Kommers GD, Graça DL. Schwannoma with bone differentiation in a dog Bra-zilian. Journal of Veterinary Pathology 1(2):52-55, 2008.
[17] Braund KG. Clinical neurology in small animals - Loca-lization, diagnosis and treatment. International Veterinary Information Service, 2002.
[18] Meij B. Spinal Cord and Nerve Sheath Tumors: Diagnosis and Surgery, Proceedings of the World Small Animal Ve-terinary Association Mexico, 2005, disponible en Internet: www.vin.com/proceedings/Proceedings.plx.
[19] Björn M. Spinal cord and nerve sheath tumors: diagnosis and surgery. Proceedings of the World Small Animal Ve-terinary Association Mexico, 2005.
[20] Jones JC. Neuroimaging. International Veterinary Infor-mation Service, 2002.
[21] Cavalcanti JN, Amstalden EM, Guerra JL, Magna LC. Osteosarcoma in dogs: clinical-morphological study and prognostic correlation. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Re-search and Animal Science 41:299-305, 2004.
[22] Tobias KM, Seguin B, Pooya HA, Tucker RL, Gavin PR. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Small Animal Medici-ne: Clinical Applications. Compend Contin Educ Vet. 26; 4, disponible en Internet [diciembre 2010]: http://www.vetlearn.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/106/ArticleID/2864/ Default.aspx.
[23] Brodey RS, Riser WH. Canine osteosarcoma: a clinico-pathologic study of 194 cases. Clinical Orthopedics 62(4): 26-32, 1969.
[24] Cooley DM, Waters DJ. Skeletal neoplasms of small dogs: a retrospective study and literature review. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 33(8):11-23, 1997.
[25] Loukopoulos P, Robinson WF. Clinicopathological rele-vance of tumour grading in canine osteosarcoma. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 136: 65-73, 2007.
[26] Ling GV, Morgan JP, Pool RR. Primary bone tumors in the dog: A combined clinical, radiographic, and histologi-cal approach to early diagnosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 165:55-67, 1974.
[27] Peiffer RL, Rebar A, Burk R. Fibrosarcoma involving the skeleton of the dog. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 69:1143-1148, 1974.
[28] Popovitch CA, Weinstein MJ, Goldschmidt MH, Sho-fer FS. Chondrosarcoma: A retrospective study of 97 dogs (1987-1990). Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 30:81-85, 1994.
[29] Ramírez M, Calzada LA, Colin R. Schwanoma en la re-gión pélvica de un perro de raza doberman, Nota de in-vestigación, disponible en: http://www.biblioteca.org.ar/libros/90223.pdf.
[30] Brodey RS, Sauer RM, Medway W. Canine bone neo-plasms. J Am Vet Med Assoc 143:471-495, 1963.
[31] Jacobson SA. The Comparative Pathology of the Tumors of Bone. Springfield, IL, Charles C. Thomas, 1971.
[32] Morgan JP, Ackerman N, Bailey CS, Pool RR. Vertebral tumors in the dog: A clinical, radiologic, and pathologic study of 61 primary and secondary lesions. Veterinary Ra-diology 21:197-212, 1980.
[33] Bingel SA, Brodey RS, Allen HL, Riser WH. Hae-mangiosarcoma of bone in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 15:303-322, 1974.
[34] Stoica G, Kim HT, Hall DG, Coated JR. Morphology, inmunohistochemistry, and Genetic Alterations in dog as-trocytomas. Veterinary Pathology 41(1):10-19, 2004.
[35] Suess RP Jr, Martin RA, Shell LG, Carrig CB, Moon ML. Vertebral lymphosarcoma in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197(1):101-3, 1990.
[36] Hausmann ON, Kirsch EC, Tolnay M, Gratzl O. In-tramedullary spinal cord tumours: a clinical outcome and radiological follow-up study. Swiss Medical Weekly 131:582-587, 2001.
[37] Norman A et al. X-ray phototherapy for canine brain mas-ses. Radiation Oncology Investigations 5(1):8-14, 1997.
[38] Vecchio NE, Tobias TA. Multifocal Anaplastic Astro-cytoma in the Lumbar-Sacral Spinal Cord of a 7 year-old Blood Hound; MedVet Memphis Specialty Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA. Analecta Veterinaria 28(2):38-41, 2008.
[39] Kliehues P, Cavenee WK. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours Pathology and Genetics – Tu-mors of the Nervous System. IARC Press, France 9-52, 2000.
[40] Luginbuhl H, Fankhauser R, McGrath JT. Spontaneous neoplasias of the nervous system in animals. Prg Neurol Surg 2:85-164,1968.
[41] Foster E, Carrillo J, Patnaik A. Clinical signs of tumors affecting the rostral cerebrum in 43 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2(2):71-4, 1988.
[42] Mamom T, Meyer L, Hewicker TM, Baumgärtner W. Oligodendroglioma in the Cervical Spinal Cord of a Dog. Veterinary Pathology 41:524, 2004.
[43] Mckay JS, Target MP, Jeffrey ND. Histological characte-rization of an ependymoma in the fourth ventricle of a cat. Journal of Comparative Pathology 120:105-113, 1999.
[44] Moulton JE. Tumors in Domestic Animals. 1a ed. Univer-sity of California Press, 1990.
[45] Nyska A, Shamir MH, Harmelin A, Sandbank J, Waner T. Intracraneal gangliocytoma in a dog. Veterinary Pathology 32(2):190-192, 1995.
[46] Mattix ME, Mattix RJ, Williams BH, Ribas JL, Wilhelm-sen CL. Olfactory ganglioneuroblastoma in a dog: a light, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical study. Veteri-nary Pathology 31(2):262-5, 1994.
[47] Marcotte L, McConkey SE, Hanna P, Foley P, Burton S. Malignant adrenal neuroblastoma in a young dog. Can Vet J 45(9):773-776, 2004.
[48] Dugan SJ, Schwarz PD, Roberts SV, Ching SV. Primary optic nerve meningioma and pulmonary metastasis in a dog. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Associa-tion 29(1):1-16, 1993.
[49] Platt S, Garosi L, Adams V et al. Canine intracranial me-ningiomas outcome following corticosteroids, hypofrac-tioned radiotherapy or multimodality therapy; 60 cases. Proc 16th Euro Soc Vet Neurol Symp, 2003
[50] Mauldin EA, Deehr AJ, Hertzke D, Dubielzig RR. Cani-ne orbital meningiomas: a review of 22 cases. Veterinary Ophthalmology 3(1):11-16, 2000.
[51] Adamo PF, Forrest L, Dubielzig R. Canine and feli-ne meningiomas: Diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian 26:951-957, 2004.
[52] Sessums K, Mariani C. Intracranial meningioma in dogs and cats: A comparative review. Compend Contin Educ Vet 31(4), 2009. Disponible en: ttp://www.vetlearn.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/106/ArticleID/2535/ Default.as.
[53] Patnaik AK, Kay WJ, Hurvitz AI. Intracranial meningio-mas: A comparative pathological study of 28 dogs. Veteri-nary Pathology 23(4): 369-73, 1986.
[54] Schulman FY, Ribas JL, Carpenter JL, Sisson AF, LeCou-teur RA. Intracranial meningiomas with pulmonary me-tastasis in three dogs. Veterinary Pathology 29:196-202, 1992.
Neoplasias
[55] Adamo PF, Cantile C, Steinberg H. Evaluation of pro-gesterone and estrogen receptor expression in 15 menin-giomas of dogs and cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 64(10):1310-1318, 2003.
[56] Heidner GL, Kornegay JN, Page RL, Dodge RK, Thrall DE. Analysis of survival in a retrospective study of 86 dogs with brain tumors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medici-ne 5(4):219-26, 1991.
[57] Gordon LE, Thacher C, Matthiesen DT, Joseph RJ. Re-sults of craniotomy for the treatment of cerebral menin-gioma in 42 cats. Veterinary Surgery 23(2):94-100, 1994.
[58] Andrews EJ. Clinicopathological characteristics of menin-giomas in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:151-157, 1973.
[59] Axlund TW, McGlasson ML, Smith AN. Surgery alone or in combination with radiation therapy for treatment of intracranial meningiomas in dogs: 31 cases (1989-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1; 221(11):1597-600, 2002.
[60] Kostolich M, Dulisch ML. A surgical approach to the ca-nine olfactory bulb for meningioma removal. Veterinary Surgery 16(4): 273-7, 1987.
[61] Chijiwa K, Uchida K, Tateyama S. Immunohistochemi-cal Evaluation of Canine Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors and Other Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Veterinary Patholology 41:307-18, 2004.
[62] Graça DL, Fernandes CG, Souza MV, Ilha MS. Schwan-noma de V par craneano y ganglio en pastor alemán. Rela-to de un caso. Med. Vet. 15: 652-6, 1998.