Neoplasias intramedulares y extramedulares asociadas a neuropatías en caninos
Barra lateral del artículo
Palabras clave:
cáncer, neurología, patología, pequeños animales
Cómo citar
Sánchez Pico, F., & Alzate Gómez, G. (1). Neoplasias intramedulares y extramedulares asociadas a neuropatías en caninos. Spei Domus, 7(15). Recuperado a partir de https://revistas.ucc.edu.co/index.php/sp/article/view/603
Contenido principal del artículo
Detalles del artículo
En calidad de autor del artículo, declaro que este, es un trabajo original, inédito, de mi creación exclusiva, que no se ha postulado a evaluación simultánea en otra publicación y que no cuenta con algún impedimento de cualquier naturaleza para la concesión de los derechos previstos en este contrato.
En ese sentido, me comprometo a esperar un resultado de evaluación de la revista, antes de considerar su presentación a otro medio, en caso de que la respuesta de publicación no sea positiva; adicionalmente, me comprometo a responder por cualquier acción de reivindicación, plagio u otra clase de reclamación que al respecto pudiera sobrevivir por parte de terceros.
Asimismo, declaro que como autor o coautor, estoy de acuerdo por completo con los contenidos presentados en este trabajo y cedo todos los derechos patrimoniales, es decir, la reproducción, comunicación pública, distribución, divulgación, transformación, puesta a disposición y demás formas de explotación de la obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, a la revista y a la Editorial de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia.
Favio Sánchez Pico, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia. Sede Bucaramanga.
Médico Veterinario y Zootecnista de la Universidad de Córdoba. Especialista en Medicina de Pequeñas Especies de la Universidad de Antioquia. Docente en el Área de Farmacotoxicología en la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, sede Bucaramanga.
Gildardo Alzate Gómez, Universidad de Antioquia
Médico Veterinario de la Universidad de Antioquia. Magíster en Clínica y Cirugía de Pequeñas Especies de la Universidad de Antioquia. Docente de la Especialización en Medicina Interna de la Universidad de Antioquia.
Sección
Revisión
Resumen
Este documento presenta una revisión bibliográfica que contiene los aspectos más importantes de las neuropatías asociadas a neoplasias intramedulares y extramedulares en caninos, incluso su fisiopatología. Para el médico veterinario de pequeños animales es difícil encontrar una herramienta que sintetice de manera clara y concisa la temática abordada en esta revisión; de hecho, poder conocer la fisiopatología de las neoplasias intramedulares y extramedulares, y llegar a diagnosticar estas afecciones, es bastante complicado y demanda muchos años de experiencia. Además, los últimos avances en las técnicas diagnósticas y los nuevos protocolos de tratamiento propuestos no son siempre conocidos por todos, de modo tal que el abordaje de dicha materia podrá contribuir a llenar aquellos vacíos de conocimiento de quienes a diario atienden pacientes con neuropatías y descartan la posibilidad de que esta sea de origen infeccioso, degenerativo, traumatológico u otros.
[1] Meuten D. Tumors in domestic Animals. 4th ed. Iowa Sta-te Press, 2002.
[2] Heyman SJ, Diefenderfer DL, Goldschmidt MH, Newton CD. Canine axial skeletal osteosarcoma. A retrospective study of 116 cases (1986-1989). Veterinary Surgery 2(14): 304-310, 1992.
[3] De Lahunta A. Neurological Examination. International Veterinary Information Service. 2001. Disponible en In-ternet [diciembre del 2010]: http://www.ivis.org/special_books/Braund/delahunta/IVIS.pdf.
[4] Clemmons RM. The Neurologic Examination, disponible en Internet [diciembre del 2010]: http://neuro.vetmed.ufl.edu/neuro/NExam.htm.
[5] Pellegrino F, Suraniti A, Garibaldi L. Neurología para la práctica clínica. 1ª ed. Buenos Aires: Intermédica, 2003.
[6] Goldschmidt MH, Thral DE. Malignant bone tumors in the dog. International Veterinary Information Servi-ce (www.ivis.org) 1995, disponible en Internet [diciem-bre del 2010]: http://www.ivis. org/special_books/ortho/chapter_74/IVIS.pdf.
[7] Luttgen PJ, Braund KG, Brawner WR Jr., Vandevelde MA. Retrospective study of twenty-nine spinal tumours in the dog and cat. Journal of Small Animal Practice 21: 213-226, 1980.
[8] Theon AP, Lecouteur RA, Carr EA, Griffey SM. Influen-ce of tumor cell proliferation and sex hormone receptors on effectiveness of radiation therapy for dogs with incom-pletely resected meningiomas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1; 216(5):701-7, 2000.
[9] Fukuoka M, Matsui N, Otsuka T, Murakami M, Seo Y. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Experimental Subacute Spinal Cord Compression. Spine 15; 23(14):1540-9, 1998.
[10] Summers BA, Lahunta DA, McEntee M, Kuhajda FP. A novel intradural extramedullary spinal cord tumor in young dogs 75(4), 1988.
[11] Duesberg CA et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for diag-nosis of pituitary macrotumors in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1; 206(5):657-62, 1995.
[12] Platt SR, Abramson CJ, Garosi LS. Administering Corti-costeroids in Neurologic Diseases. Compend Contin Educ Vet. 27(3), 2005, disponible en Internet: http://www.vetlearn.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/106/ArticleID/283/Default. asp.
[13] Brehm DM, Vite CH, Steinberg HS, Haviland J, Winkle T. A retrospective evaluation of 51 cases of peripheral ner-ve sheath tumors in the dog. Journal of the American Ani-mal Hospital Association 31(4):349-359, 1995.
[14] Brower A, Salamat S, Crawford J, Manley P. Unilateral limb enlargement in a dog with a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. VET 42:353. 2005
[15] Thompson JP, Fugent MJ. Evaluation of survival times after limb amputation, with and without subsequent administration of cisplatin, for treatment of appendicu-lar osteosarcoma in dogs: 30 cases (1979-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 200(4):531-533, 1992.
[16] Viott AM, Ramos AT, Mazzanti A, Kommers GD, Graça DL. Schwannoma with bone differentiation in a dog Bra-zilian. Journal of Veterinary Pathology 1(2):52-55, 2008.
[17] Braund KG. Clinical neurology in small animals - Loca-lization, diagnosis and treatment. International Veterinary Information Service, 2002.
[18] Meij B. Spinal Cord and Nerve Sheath Tumors: Diagnosis and Surgery, Proceedings of the World Small Animal Ve-terinary Association Mexico, 2005, disponible en Internet: www.vin.com/proceedings/Proceedings.plx.
[19] Björn M. Spinal cord and nerve sheath tumors: diagnosis and surgery. Proceedings of the World Small Animal Ve-terinary Association Mexico, 2005.
[20] Jones JC. Neuroimaging. International Veterinary Infor-mation Service, 2002.
[21] Cavalcanti JN, Amstalden EM, Guerra JL, Magna LC. Osteosarcoma in dogs: clinical-morphological study and prognostic correlation. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Re-search and Animal Science 41:299-305, 2004.
[22] Tobias KM, Seguin B, Pooya HA, Tucker RL, Gavin PR. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Small Animal Medici-ne: Clinical Applications. Compend Contin Educ Vet. 26; 4, disponible en Internet [diciembre 2010]: http://www.vetlearn.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/106/ArticleID/2864/ Default.aspx.
[23] Brodey RS, Riser WH. Canine osteosarcoma: a clinico-pathologic study of 194 cases. Clinical Orthopedics 62(4): 26-32, 1969.
[24] Cooley DM, Waters DJ. Skeletal neoplasms of small dogs: a retrospective study and literature review. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 33(8):11-23, 1997.
[25] Loukopoulos P, Robinson WF. Clinicopathological rele-vance of tumour grading in canine osteosarcoma. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 136: 65-73, 2007.
[26] Ling GV, Morgan JP, Pool RR. Primary bone tumors in the dog: A combined clinical, radiographic, and histologi-cal approach to early diagnosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 165:55-67, 1974.
[27] Peiffer RL, Rebar A, Burk R. Fibrosarcoma involving the skeleton of the dog. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 69:1143-1148, 1974.
[28] Popovitch CA, Weinstein MJ, Goldschmidt MH, Sho-fer FS. Chondrosarcoma: A retrospective study of 97 dogs (1987-1990). Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 30:81-85, 1994.
[29] Ramírez M, Calzada LA, Colin R. Schwanoma en la re-gión pélvica de un perro de raza doberman, Nota de in-vestigación, disponible en: http://www.biblioteca.org.ar/libros/90223.pdf.
[30] Brodey RS, Sauer RM, Medway W. Canine bone neo-plasms. J Am Vet Med Assoc 143:471-495, 1963.
[31] Jacobson SA. The Comparative Pathology of the Tumors of Bone. Springfield, IL, Charles C. Thomas, 1971.
[32] Morgan JP, Ackerman N, Bailey CS, Pool RR. Vertebral tumors in the dog: A clinical, radiologic, and pathologic study of 61 primary and secondary lesions. Veterinary Ra-diology 21:197-212, 1980.
[33] Bingel SA, Brodey RS, Allen HL, Riser WH. Hae-mangiosarcoma of bone in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 15:303-322, 1974.
[34] Stoica G, Kim HT, Hall DG, Coated JR. Morphology, inmunohistochemistry, and Genetic Alterations in dog as-trocytomas. Veterinary Pathology 41(1):10-19, 2004.
[35] Suess RP Jr, Martin RA, Shell LG, Carrig CB, Moon ML. Vertebral lymphosarcoma in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197(1):101-3, 1990.
[36] Hausmann ON, Kirsch EC, Tolnay M, Gratzl O. In-tramedullary spinal cord tumours: a clinical outcome and radiological follow-up study. Swiss Medical Weekly 131:582-587, 2001.
[37] Norman A et al. X-ray phototherapy for canine brain mas-ses. Radiation Oncology Investigations 5(1):8-14, 1997.
[38] Vecchio NE, Tobias TA. Multifocal Anaplastic Astro-cytoma in the Lumbar-Sacral Spinal Cord of a 7 year-old Blood Hound; MedVet Memphis Specialty Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA. Analecta Veterinaria 28(2):38-41, 2008.
[39] Kliehues P, Cavenee WK. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours Pathology and Genetics – Tu-mors of the Nervous System. IARC Press, France 9-52, 2000.
[40] Luginbuhl H, Fankhauser R, McGrath JT. Spontaneous neoplasias of the nervous system in animals. Prg Neurol Surg 2:85-164,1968.
[41] Foster E, Carrillo J, Patnaik A. Clinical signs of tumors affecting the rostral cerebrum in 43 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2(2):71-4, 1988.
[42] Mamom T, Meyer L, Hewicker TM, Baumgärtner W. Oligodendroglioma in the Cervical Spinal Cord of a Dog. Veterinary Pathology 41:524, 2004.
[43] Mckay JS, Target MP, Jeffrey ND. Histological characte-rization of an ependymoma in the fourth ventricle of a cat. Journal of Comparative Pathology 120:105-113, 1999.
[44] Moulton JE. Tumors in Domestic Animals. 1a ed. Univer-sity of California Press, 1990.
[45] Nyska A, Shamir MH, Harmelin A, Sandbank J, Waner T. Intracraneal gangliocytoma in a dog. Veterinary Pathology 32(2):190-192, 1995.
[46] Mattix ME, Mattix RJ, Williams BH, Ribas JL, Wilhelm-sen CL. Olfactory ganglioneuroblastoma in a dog: a light, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical study. Veteri-nary Pathology 31(2):262-5, 1994.
[47] Marcotte L, McConkey SE, Hanna P, Foley P, Burton S. Malignant adrenal neuroblastoma in a young dog. Can Vet J 45(9):773-776, 2004.
[48] Dugan SJ, Schwarz PD, Roberts SV, Ching SV. Primary optic nerve meningioma and pulmonary metastasis in a dog. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Associa-tion 29(1):1-16, 1993.
[49] Platt S, Garosi L, Adams V et al. Canine intracranial me-ningiomas outcome following corticosteroids, hypofrac-tioned radiotherapy or multimodality therapy; 60 cases. Proc 16th Euro Soc Vet Neurol Symp, 2003
[50] Mauldin EA, Deehr AJ, Hertzke D, Dubielzig RR. Cani-ne orbital meningiomas: a review of 22 cases. Veterinary Ophthalmology 3(1):11-16, 2000.
[51] Adamo PF, Forrest L, Dubielzig R. Canine and feli-ne meningiomas: Diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian 26:951-957, 2004.
[52] Sessums K, Mariani C. Intracranial meningioma in dogs and cats: A comparative review. Compend Contin Educ Vet 31(4), 2009. Disponible en: ttp://www.vetlearn.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/106/ArticleID/2535/ Default.as.
[53] Patnaik AK, Kay WJ, Hurvitz AI. Intracranial meningio-mas: A comparative pathological study of 28 dogs. Veteri-nary Pathology 23(4): 369-73, 1986.
[54] Schulman FY, Ribas JL, Carpenter JL, Sisson AF, LeCou-teur RA. Intracranial meningiomas with pulmonary me-tastasis in three dogs. Veterinary Pathology 29:196-202, 1992.
Neoplasias
[55] Adamo PF, Cantile C, Steinberg H. Evaluation of pro-gesterone and estrogen receptor expression in 15 menin-giomas of dogs and cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 64(10):1310-1318, 2003.
[56] Heidner GL, Kornegay JN, Page RL, Dodge RK, Thrall DE. Analysis of survival in a retrospective study of 86 dogs with brain tumors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medici-ne 5(4):219-26, 1991.
[57] Gordon LE, Thacher C, Matthiesen DT, Joseph RJ. Re-sults of craniotomy for the treatment of cerebral menin-gioma in 42 cats. Veterinary Surgery 23(2):94-100, 1994.
[58] Andrews EJ. Clinicopathological characteristics of menin-giomas in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:151-157, 1973.
[59] Axlund TW, McGlasson ML, Smith AN. Surgery alone or in combination with radiation therapy for treatment of intracranial meningiomas in dogs: 31 cases (1989-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1; 221(11):1597-600, 2002.
[60] Kostolich M, Dulisch ML. A surgical approach to the ca-nine olfactory bulb for meningioma removal. Veterinary Surgery 16(4): 273-7, 1987.
[61] Chijiwa K, Uchida K, Tateyama S. Immunohistochemi-cal Evaluation of Canine Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors and Other Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Veterinary Patholology 41:307-18, 2004.
[62] Graça DL, Fernandes CG, Souza MV, Ilha MS. Schwan-noma de V par craneano y ganglio en pastor alemán. Rela-to de un caso. Med. Vet. 15: 652-6, 1998.
[2] Heyman SJ, Diefenderfer DL, Goldschmidt MH, Newton CD. Canine axial skeletal osteosarcoma. A retrospective study of 116 cases (1986-1989). Veterinary Surgery 2(14): 304-310, 1992.
[3] De Lahunta A. Neurological Examination. International Veterinary Information Service. 2001. Disponible en In-ternet [diciembre del 2010]: http://www.ivis.org/special_books/Braund/delahunta/IVIS.pdf.
[4] Clemmons RM. The Neurologic Examination, disponible en Internet [diciembre del 2010]: http://neuro.vetmed.ufl.edu/neuro/NExam.htm.
[5] Pellegrino F, Suraniti A, Garibaldi L. Neurología para la práctica clínica. 1ª ed. Buenos Aires: Intermédica, 2003.
[6] Goldschmidt MH, Thral DE. Malignant bone tumors in the dog. International Veterinary Information Servi-ce (www.ivis.org) 1995, disponible en Internet [diciem-bre del 2010]: http://www.ivis. org/special_books/ortho/chapter_74/IVIS.pdf.
[7] Luttgen PJ, Braund KG, Brawner WR Jr., Vandevelde MA. Retrospective study of twenty-nine spinal tumours in the dog and cat. Journal of Small Animal Practice 21: 213-226, 1980.
[8] Theon AP, Lecouteur RA, Carr EA, Griffey SM. Influen-ce of tumor cell proliferation and sex hormone receptors on effectiveness of radiation therapy for dogs with incom-pletely resected meningiomas. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1; 216(5):701-7, 2000.
[9] Fukuoka M, Matsui N, Otsuka T, Murakami M, Seo Y. Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Experimental Subacute Spinal Cord Compression. Spine 15; 23(14):1540-9, 1998.
[10] Summers BA, Lahunta DA, McEntee M, Kuhajda FP. A novel intradural extramedullary spinal cord tumor in young dogs 75(4), 1988.
[11] Duesberg CA et al. Magnetic resonance imaging for diag-nosis of pituitary macrotumors in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 1; 206(5):657-62, 1995.
[12] Platt SR, Abramson CJ, Garosi LS. Administering Corti-costeroids in Neurologic Diseases. Compend Contin Educ Vet. 27(3), 2005, disponible en Internet: http://www.vetlearn.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/106/ArticleID/283/Default. asp.
[13] Brehm DM, Vite CH, Steinberg HS, Haviland J, Winkle T. A retrospective evaluation of 51 cases of peripheral ner-ve sheath tumors in the dog. Journal of the American Ani-mal Hospital Association 31(4):349-359, 1995.
[14] Brower A, Salamat S, Crawford J, Manley P. Unilateral limb enlargement in a dog with a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. VET 42:353. 2005
[15] Thompson JP, Fugent MJ. Evaluation of survival times after limb amputation, with and without subsequent administration of cisplatin, for treatment of appendicu-lar osteosarcoma in dogs: 30 cases (1979-1990). J Am Vet Med Assoc 200(4):531-533, 1992.
[16] Viott AM, Ramos AT, Mazzanti A, Kommers GD, Graça DL. Schwannoma with bone differentiation in a dog Bra-zilian. Journal of Veterinary Pathology 1(2):52-55, 2008.
[17] Braund KG. Clinical neurology in small animals - Loca-lization, diagnosis and treatment. International Veterinary Information Service, 2002.
[18] Meij B. Spinal Cord and Nerve Sheath Tumors: Diagnosis and Surgery, Proceedings of the World Small Animal Ve-terinary Association Mexico, 2005, disponible en Internet: www.vin.com/proceedings/Proceedings.plx.
[19] Björn M. Spinal cord and nerve sheath tumors: diagnosis and surgery. Proceedings of the World Small Animal Ve-terinary Association Mexico, 2005.
[20] Jones JC. Neuroimaging. International Veterinary Infor-mation Service, 2002.
[21] Cavalcanti JN, Amstalden EM, Guerra JL, Magna LC. Osteosarcoma in dogs: clinical-morphological study and prognostic correlation. Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Re-search and Animal Science 41:299-305, 2004.
[22] Tobias KM, Seguin B, Pooya HA, Tucker RL, Gavin PR. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Small Animal Medici-ne: Clinical Applications. Compend Contin Educ Vet. 26; 4, disponible en Internet [diciembre 2010]: http://www.vetlearn.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/106/ArticleID/2864/ Default.aspx.
[23] Brodey RS, Riser WH. Canine osteosarcoma: a clinico-pathologic study of 194 cases. Clinical Orthopedics 62(4): 26-32, 1969.
[24] Cooley DM, Waters DJ. Skeletal neoplasms of small dogs: a retrospective study and literature review. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 33(8):11-23, 1997.
[25] Loukopoulos P, Robinson WF. Clinicopathological rele-vance of tumour grading in canine osteosarcoma. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 136: 65-73, 2007.
[26] Ling GV, Morgan JP, Pool RR. Primary bone tumors in the dog: A combined clinical, radiographic, and histologi-cal approach to early diagnosis. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 165:55-67, 1974.
[27] Peiffer RL, Rebar A, Burk R. Fibrosarcoma involving the skeleton of the dog. Vet Med Small Anim Clin 69:1143-1148, 1974.
[28] Popovitch CA, Weinstein MJ, Goldschmidt MH, Sho-fer FS. Chondrosarcoma: A retrospective study of 97 dogs (1987-1990). Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association 30:81-85, 1994.
[29] Ramírez M, Calzada LA, Colin R. Schwanoma en la re-gión pélvica de un perro de raza doberman, Nota de in-vestigación, disponible en: http://www.biblioteca.org.ar/libros/90223.pdf.
[30] Brodey RS, Sauer RM, Medway W. Canine bone neo-plasms. J Am Vet Med Assoc 143:471-495, 1963.
[31] Jacobson SA. The Comparative Pathology of the Tumors of Bone. Springfield, IL, Charles C. Thomas, 1971.
[32] Morgan JP, Ackerman N, Bailey CS, Pool RR. Vertebral tumors in the dog: A clinical, radiologic, and pathologic study of 61 primary and secondary lesions. Veterinary Ra-diology 21:197-212, 1980.
[33] Bingel SA, Brodey RS, Allen HL, Riser WH. Hae-mangiosarcoma of bone in the dog. J Small Anim Pract 15:303-322, 1974.
[34] Stoica G, Kim HT, Hall DG, Coated JR. Morphology, inmunohistochemistry, and Genetic Alterations in dog as-trocytomas. Veterinary Pathology 41(1):10-19, 2004.
[35] Suess RP Jr, Martin RA, Shell LG, Carrig CB, Moon ML. Vertebral lymphosarcoma in a cat. J Am Vet Med Assoc 197(1):101-3, 1990.
[36] Hausmann ON, Kirsch EC, Tolnay M, Gratzl O. In-tramedullary spinal cord tumours: a clinical outcome and radiological follow-up study. Swiss Medical Weekly 131:582-587, 2001.
[37] Norman A et al. X-ray phototherapy for canine brain mas-ses. Radiation Oncology Investigations 5(1):8-14, 1997.
[38] Vecchio NE, Tobias TA. Multifocal Anaplastic Astro-cytoma in the Lumbar-Sacral Spinal Cord of a 7 year-old Blood Hound; MedVet Memphis Specialty Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA. Analecta Veterinaria 28(2):38-41, 2008.
[39] Kliehues P, Cavenee WK. World Health Organization Classification of Tumours Pathology and Genetics – Tu-mors of the Nervous System. IARC Press, France 9-52, 2000.
[40] Luginbuhl H, Fankhauser R, McGrath JT. Spontaneous neoplasias of the nervous system in animals. Prg Neurol Surg 2:85-164,1968.
[41] Foster E, Carrillo J, Patnaik A. Clinical signs of tumors affecting the rostral cerebrum in 43 dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2(2):71-4, 1988.
[42] Mamom T, Meyer L, Hewicker TM, Baumgärtner W. Oligodendroglioma in the Cervical Spinal Cord of a Dog. Veterinary Pathology 41:524, 2004.
[43] Mckay JS, Target MP, Jeffrey ND. Histological characte-rization of an ependymoma in the fourth ventricle of a cat. Journal of Comparative Pathology 120:105-113, 1999.
[44] Moulton JE. Tumors in Domestic Animals. 1a ed. Univer-sity of California Press, 1990.
[45] Nyska A, Shamir MH, Harmelin A, Sandbank J, Waner T. Intracraneal gangliocytoma in a dog. Veterinary Pathology 32(2):190-192, 1995.
[46] Mattix ME, Mattix RJ, Williams BH, Ribas JL, Wilhelm-sen CL. Olfactory ganglioneuroblastoma in a dog: a light, ultrastructural, and immunohistochemical study. Veteri-nary Pathology 31(2):262-5, 1994.
[47] Marcotte L, McConkey SE, Hanna P, Foley P, Burton S. Malignant adrenal neuroblastoma in a young dog. Can Vet J 45(9):773-776, 2004.
[48] Dugan SJ, Schwarz PD, Roberts SV, Ching SV. Primary optic nerve meningioma and pulmonary metastasis in a dog. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Associa-tion 29(1):1-16, 1993.
[49] Platt S, Garosi L, Adams V et al. Canine intracranial me-ningiomas outcome following corticosteroids, hypofrac-tioned radiotherapy or multimodality therapy; 60 cases. Proc 16th Euro Soc Vet Neurol Symp, 2003
[50] Mauldin EA, Deehr AJ, Hertzke D, Dubielzig RR. Cani-ne orbital meningiomas: a review of 22 cases. Veterinary Ophthalmology 3(1):11-16, 2000.
[51] Adamo PF, Forrest L, Dubielzig R. Canine and feli-ne meningiomas: Diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Compendium on continuing education for the practicing veterinarian 26:951-957, 2004.
[52] Sessums K, Mariani C. Intracranial meningioma in dogs and cats: A comparative review. Compend Contin Educ Vet 31(4), 2009. Disponible en: ttp://www.vetlearn.com/ArticleDetails/tabid/106/ArticleID/2535/ Default.as.
[53] Patnaik AK, Kay WJ, Hurvitz AI. Intracranial meningio-mas: A comparative pathological study of 28 dogs. Veteri-nary Pathology 23(4): 369-73, 1986.
[54] Schulman FY, Ribas JL, Carpenter JL, Sisson AF, LeCou-teur RA. Intracranial meningiomas with pulmonary me-tastasis in three dogs. Veterinary Pathology 29:196-202, 1992.
Neoplasias
[55] Adamo PF, Cantile C, Steinberg H. Evaluation of pro-gesterone and estrogen receptor expression in 15 menin-giomas of dogs and cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research 64(10):1310-1318, 2003.
[56] Heidner GL, Kornegay JN, Page RL, Dodge RK, Thrall DE. Analysis of survival in a retrospective study of 86 dogs with brain tumors. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medici-ne 5(4):219-26, 1991.
[57] Gordon LE, Thacher C, Matthiesen DT, Joseph RJ. Re-sults of craniotomy for the treatment of cerebral menin-gioma in 42 cats. Veterinary Surgery 23(2):94-100, 1994.
[58] Andrews EJ. Clinicopathological characteristics of menin-giomas in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 163:151-157, 1973.
[59] Axlund TW, McGlasson ML, Smith AN. Surgery alone or in combination with radiation therapy for treatment of intracranial meningiomas in dogs: 31 cases (1989-2002). J Am Vet Med Assoc 1; 221(11):1597-600, 2002.
[60] Kostolich M, Dulisch ML. A surgical approach to the ca-nine olfactory bulb for meningioma removal. Veterinary Surgery 16(4): 273-7, 1987.
[61] Chijiwa K, Uchida K, Tateyama S. Immunohistochemi-cal Evaluation of Canine Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors and Other Soft Tissue Sarcomas. Veterinary Patholology 41:307-18, 2004.
[62] Graça DL, Fernandes CG, Souza MV, Ilha MS. Schwan-noma de V par craneano y ganglio en pastor alemán. Rela-to de un caso. Med. Vet. 15: 652-6, 1998.