Ketosis in Dairy Herds
Presentation and Control
Economic losses in dairy herds due to metabolic disorders are associated with inadequate management during the transition period, leading to health problems that decrease milk production, efficiency and animal welfare. Failures in metabolic adaptation mechanisms during the transition period and early lactation are directly associated with high rates of lipid mobilization, resulting in metabolic diseases such as ketosis. Ketosis is a metabolic disease affecting high-production dairy cows and is associated with negative energy balance. It is classified in two types: type I hypoglycaemic-hypoinsulinemic and type II hyperglycemic-hyperinsulinemic. Both can be controlled and prevented through management strategies, diet and additives during different stages of lactation. The lack of accurate diagnosis and prevention of metabolic diseases leads to lost productivity stemming from high rates of disease, low reproductive rates, increased use of human resources, and treatment and premature culling of animals in dairy herds. This paper aims to review the general aspects of the occurrence of ketosis along with prevention strategies in dairy herds.
How to Cite
License
En calidad de autor del artículo, declaro que este, es un trabajo original, inédito, de mi creación exclusiva, que no se ha postulado a evaluación simultánea en otra publicación y que no cuenta con algún impedimento de cualquier naturaleza para la concesión de los derechos previstos en este contrato.
En ese sentido, me comprometo a esperar un resultado de evaluación de la revista, antes de considerar su presentación a otro medio, en caso de que la respuesta de publicación no sea positiva; adicionalmente, me comprometo a responder por cualquier acción de reivindicación, plagio u otra clase de reclamación que al respecto pudiera sobrevivir por parte de terceros.
Asimismo, declaro que como autor o coautor, estoy de acuerdo por completo con los contenidos presentados en este trabajo y cedo todos los derechos patrimoniales, es decir, la reproducción, comunicación pública, distribución, divulgación, transformación, puesta a disposición y demás formas de explotación de la obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, a la revista y a la Editorial de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia.
Walsh RB, Walton JS, Kelton DF, LeBlanc SJ, Leslie KE et al. The effect of subclinical ketosis in early lactation on reproductive performance of postpartum dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2007; 90:2788-96.
Herdt TH. Ruminant adaptation to negative energy balance. Influences on the etiology of ketosis and fatty liver. Vet Clin North Am: Food Anim Pract. 2000; 16:215-30.
Bauman DE, Currie WB. Partitioning of nutrients during pregnancy and lactation: a review of mechanisms involving homeostasis and homeorhesis. J Dairy Sci. 1980; 63:1514-29.
Block E, editor. Transition cow research – What makes sense today? Proceedings High Plains Dairy Conference; 2010; Amarillo, Texas.
Ospina PA, Nydam DV, Stokol T, Overton TR. Evaluation of nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate in transition dairy cattle in the northeastern United States: Critical thresholds for prediction of clinical diseases. J Dairy Sci. 2010; 93:546-54.
Drackley JK. Biology of dairy cows during the transition period: the final frontier? J Dairy Sci. 1999; 82:2259-73.
Bruss ML. Lipids and Ketones. En: Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML. editors. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. San Diego, California: Academic Press; 2008. p. 81-115.
Duffield TF, Lissemore KD, McBride BW, Leslie KE. Impact of hyperketonemia in early lactation dairy cows on health and production. J Dairy Sci. 2009; 92:571-80.
Andersson L. Subclinical ketosis in dairy cows. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract.1988; 4:233-51.
Mulligan FJ, Doherty ML. Production diseases of the transition cow. Vet J. 2008; 176:3-9.
Holtenius P, Holtenius K. New aspects of ketone bodies in energy metabolism of dairy cows: a review. Zentralbl Veterinarmed A. 1996; 43:579-87.
Duffield T. Subclinical ketosis in lactating dairy cattle. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2000; 16:231-53.
Ospina PA, Nydam DV, Stokol T, Overton TR. Association between the proportion of sampled transition cows with increased nonesterified fatty acids and beta-hydroxybutyrate and disease incidence, pregnancy rate, and milk production at the herd level. J Dairy Sci. 2010; 93:3595-601.
Kaneko JJ. Carbohydrate metabolism and its diseases. En: Kaneko JJ, Harvey JW, Bruss ML, editors. Clinical Biochemistry of Domestic Animals. San Diego, California: Academic Press; 2008. p. 46-80.
Hayirli A. The role of exogenous insulin in the complex of hepatic lipidosis and ketosis associated with insulin resistance phenomenon in postpartum dairy cattle. Vet Res Commun. 2006; 30:749-74.
Janovick NA, Boisclair YR, K. DJ. Prepartum dietary energy intake affects metabolism and health during the periparturient period in primiparous and multiparous Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 2011; 94:1385-400.
Bobe G, Young JW, Beitz DC. Invited review: pathology, etiology, prevention, and treatment of fatty liver in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2004; 87:3105-24.
Fleming SA. Distúrbios metabólicos. En: Smith BP, editores. Medicina interna de grandes animais. 3a. ed. Barueri: Editora Manole; 2006. p. 1241-7.
Huhtanen P, Miettinen H, Ylinen M. Effect of increasing ruminal butyrate on milk yield and blood constituents in dairy cows fed a grass silage-based diet. J Dairy Sci. 1993; 76:1114-24.
Dohoo IR, Martin SW. Subclinical ketosis: prevalence and associations with production and disease. Can J Comp Med. 1984; 48:1-5.
Radostits OM, Gay CC, Blood DC, Hinchcliff KW. Enfermedades metabólicas. En: Radostits OM, Gay CC, Blood DC, Hinchcliff KW, editores. Medicina Veterinaria. Tratado de las enfermedades del ganado bovino, ovino, porcino, caprino y equino. Madrid: McGraw-Hill Interamericana; 2002. p. 1683-752.
Geishauser T, Leslie K, Kelton D, Duffield T. Monitoring for subclinical ketosis in dairy herds. Compend Food Anim. 2001; 23:S65-S71.
Cote JF, Curtis RA, McSherry BJ, Robertson JM, Kronfeldt DS. Bovine ketosis: Frequency of clinical signs, complications and alterations in blood ketones, glucose and free fatty acids. Can Vet J. 1969; 10:179-87.
Gillund P, Reksen O, Grohn YT, Karlberg K. Body condition related to ketosis and reproductive performance in Norwegian dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2001; 84:1390-6.
Foster LA. Clinical ketosis. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 1988; 4:253-67.
Bauman DE. Regulation of nutrient partitioning during lactation: Homeostasis and homeorhesis. En: Cronjé PB, editors. Ruminant physiology: Digestion, Metabolism, Growth and Reproduction. Pretoria: CABI; 2000. p. 311-28.
Roche JR, Friggens NC, Kay JK, Fisher MW, Stafford KJ, Berry DP. Invited review: Body condition score and its association with dairy cow productivity, health, and welfare. J Dairy Sci. 2009; 92:5769-801.
Goff J. Macromineral physiology and application to the feeding of the dairy cow for prevention of milk fever and other periparturient mineral disorders. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2006; 126:237-57.
Lago EP, Pires AV, Susin I, Faria VP, Lago LA. Efeito da condição corporal ao parto sobre alguns parâmetros do metabolismo energético, produção de leite e incidência de doenças no pós-parto de vacas leiteiras. Rev Bras Zootec. 2001; 30: 1544-9.
Carrier J, Stewart S, Godden S, Fetrow J, Rapnicki P. Evaluation and use of three cowside tests for detection of subclinical ketosis in early postpartum cows. J Dairy Sci. 2004; 87:3725-35.
Van Saun R. Indicators of dairy cow transition risks: metabolic profiling revisited. En: Wittwer F, Chihuailaf R, Contreras H, Gallo C, Kruze J, Lanuza F et al., editors. Updates on ruminant production and medicine. Santiago: Andros impresores; 2010. p. 65-77.
Mulligan FJ, O’Grady L, Rice DA, Doherty ML. A herd health approach to dairy cow nutrition and production diseases of the transition cow. Anim Reprod Sci. 2006; 96:331-53.
Van Saun RJ, editor. Metabolic profiling and health risk in transition cows. Proceedings 37th Annual American Association of Bovine Practitioners Convention. Texas: Worth; 2004.
Adewuyi AA, Gruys E, van Eerdenburg FJ. Non esterified fatty acids (NEFA) in dairy cattle. A review. Vet Q. 2005; 27:117-26.
Oikawa S, Oetzel GR. Decreased insulin response in dairy cows following a four-day fast to induce hepatic lipidosis. J Dairy Sci. 2006; 89:2999-3005.
Seifi HA, Leblanc SJ, Leslie KE, Duffield TF. Metabolic predictors of post-partum disease and culling risk in dairy cattle. Vet J. 2010; 188:216-20.
Noro M, Borkert J, Hinostroza GA, Pulido R, Wittwer F. Variaciones diarias de metabolitos sanguíneos y su relación con el comportamiento alimenticio en vacas lecheras a pastoreo primaveral. Rev Cient. 2011(21):125-30.
Iwersen M, Falkenberg U, Voigtsberger R, Forderung D, Heuwieser W. Evaluation of an electronic cowside test to detect subclinical ketosis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2009; 92:2618-24.
Voyvoda H, Erdogan H. Use of a hand-held meter for detecting subclinical ketosis in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci. 2010(10): 1-8.
Oetzel GR. Monitoring and testing dairy herds for metabolic disease. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2004; 20:651-74.
Wildman EE, Jones GM, Wagner PE, Bowman RL. A dairy cow body condition scoring system and its relationship to selected production characteristics. J Dairy Sci. 1982; 65:495-501.
Ferguson JD, Galligan DT, Thomsen N. Principal descriptors of body condition score in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 1994; 77:2695-703.
Morton J, Larcombe M, Little S. The Calf Book for farmers. Australia: Dairy Australia; 2003. 57-76 p.
Roche JR, Lee JM, Macdonald KA, Berry DP. Relationships among body condition score, body weight, and milk production variables in pasture-based dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2007; 90:3802-15.
Roche JR, Berry DP, Kolver ES. Holstein-Friesian strain and feed effects on milk production, body weight, and body condition score profiles in grazing dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2006; 89:3532-43.
Berry DP, Macdonald KA, Penno JW, Roche JR. Association between body condition score and live weight in pasture-based Holstein-Friesian dairy cows. J Dairy Res. 2006; 73:487-91.
Hayirli A, Grummer RR, Nordheim EV, Crump PM. Animal and dietary factors affecting feed intake during the prefresh transition period in Holsteins. J Dairy Sci. 2002; 85:3430-43.
NRC. National research council - Nutrient requirements of dairy cattle. 7 ed: National Academic Press; 2001. 381 p.
Ruegg PL, Milton RL. Body condition scores of Holstein cows on Price Edward Island, Canada: Relationships with yield, reproductive performance, and disease. J Dairy Sci. 1995; 78:552-64.
Berry DP, Macdonald KA, Roche JR. Body condition score and body weight effects on dystocia and stillbirths and consequent effects on postcalving performance. J Dairy Sci. 2007; 90:4201-11.
Ingvartsen KL, Dewhurst RJ, Friggens NC. On the relationship between lactational performance and health: is it yield or metabolic imbalance that cause production diseases in dairy cattle? A position paper. Liv Prod Sci. 2003; 83:277-308.
Grant RJ, Albright JL. Feeding behavior and management factors during the transition period in dairy cattle. J Anim Sci. 1995; 73:2791-803.
Plaizier JC, Krause DO, Gozho GN, McBride BW. Subacute ruminal acidosis in dairy cows: the physiological causes, incidence and consequences. Vet J. 2008; 176:21-31.
Gerloff BJ. Dry cow management for the prevention of ketosis and fatty liver in dairy cows. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2000; 16:283-92.
Blanc JE, Adrien ML, Leone V, Nopitisch M, Viera JP, editors. Relación entre la hora de suplementación preparto y la disminución de partos nocturnos en hembras holando. XXXVIII Jornadas Uruguayas de Buiatría; 2010; Paysandu, Uruguay.
Mashek DG, Grummer RR. Effects of long chain fatty acids on lipid and glucose metabolism in monolayer cultures of bovine hepatocytes. J Dairy Sci. 2003; 86:2390-6.
Mashek DG, Bertics SJ, Grummer RR. Metabolic fate of long-chain unsaturated fatty acids and their effects on palmitic acid metabolism and gluconeogenesis in bovine hepatocytes. J Dairy Sci. 2002; 85:2283-9.
Borrebaek B, Halse K, Tveit B, Dahle HK. Plasma glucose, ketone bodies, insulin, glucagon and enteroglucagon in cows: Diurnal variations related to ketone levels before feeding and to the ketogenic effects of feeds. Acta Vet Scand. 1990; 31:5-15.
Eicher R, editor. Evaluation of the metabolic and nutritional situation in dairy herds: Diagnostic use of milk components. 23 World Buiatrics Congress; 2004; Quebec, Canada.
Heuer C. The use of test day information to predict energy intake of dairy cows in early lactation. J Dairy Sci. 2004; 87:593-601.
Ghorbani B, Vahdani N, Zerehdaran S. Effects of niacin on milk production and blood parameters in early lactation of dairy cows. Pak J Biol Sci. 2008; 11: 1582-7.
Niehoff ID, Huther L, Lebzien P. Niacin for dairy cattle: a review. Br J Nutr. 2009; 101:5-19.
Geishauser T, Leslie K, Kelton D, Duffield T. Evaluation of five cowside tests for use with milk to detect subclinical ketosis in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 1998; 81: 438-43.
Gulay MS, Liboni M, Hayen MJ, Head HH. Supplementing Holstein cows with low doses of bovine somatotropin prepartum and postpartum reduces calving-related diseases. J Dairy Sci. 2007; 90:5439-45.
Nielsen N, Ingvartsen K. Propylene glicol for dairy cows a review of the metabolism of propylene glycol and its effects on physiological parameter, feed intake, milk production and risk of ketosis. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2004; 115:191-213.
