• Reflective Article

    Artificial intelligence in higher education critical reflection and proposal of a pedagogical model

    Vol. 28 No. 2 (2026)
    Published: 2026-07-06
    Christian Guillermo Reyes-Zúñiga
    National Technological Institute of Mexico image/svg+xml
    Andrés Gálvez-Rodríguez
    National Technological Institute of Mexico image/svg+xml
    Jorge Luis Espinoza-Carlón
    National Technological Institute of Mexico image/svg+xml
    Aidé Hernández-Hernández
    National Technological Institute of Mexico image/svg+xml

    Artificial Intelligence (AI) has entered higher education with applications ranging from immediate feedback to institutional analytics. This article analyzes literature published between 2018 and 2025, in both international and Ibero-American contexts, to identify opportunities and risks of its integration in university teaching. The findings highlight three key axes: adaptive teaching, which enables personalized content and strengthens the teacher’s role; intelligent institutional management, which streamlines processes and anticipates risks such as dropout; and ethical and responsible use, which requires clear policies and regulatory frameworks to ensure equity. Based on this analysis, a functional model is proposed that articulates these three axes as a guide for teachers and institutions. The main conclusion is that the real challenge is not technological but pedagogical and ethical, since innovation is only valuable when it ensures integral training and educational equity.

    Keywords: artificial intelligence, higher education, university teaching staff, educational administration, Ethics

    How to Cite

    Reyes-Zúñiga, C. G., Gálvez-Rodríguez, A., Espinoza-Carlón, J. L., & Hernández-Hernández, A. (2026). Artificial intelligence in higher education: critical reflection and proposal of a pedagogical model. Rastros Rostros, 28(2), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.16925/

    Al-Zahrani, A., & Alasmari, T. (2024). Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence on higher education: The dynamics of ethical, social, and educational implications. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, 912. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03432-4

    Almasri, F. (2024). Explorando el impacto de la inteligencia artificial en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la educación superior. Revista Latinoamericana de Tecnología Educativa, 54, 977–997. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-024-10176-3

    Castillo-Pindo, B. M., Calderón-Aguirre, A. J., Humanante-Endara, M. G., Chang-Dávila, C., & Ojeda-Aguirre, J. (2024). La inteligencia artificial como recurso educativo en instituciones de educación superior: Perspectivas éticas sobre su uso. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 8(4), 3950–3965. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v8i4.12622

    Dempere, J., Modugu, K., Hesham, A., & Ramasamy, L. (2023). The impact of ChatGPT on higher education. Frontiers in Education, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2023.1206936

    Labadze, L., Grigolia, M., & Machaidze, L. (2023). Role of AI chatbots in education: Systematic literature review. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20, 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00426-1

    Martínez-Márquez, M. A. (2025). Inteligencia artificial y educación. Revista Tecnológica-Educativa Docentes 2.0, 18(1), 245–257. https://doi.org/10.37843/rted.v18i1.614

    Mirea, C.-M., Bologa, R., Toma, A., Clim, A., Plăcintă, D.-D., & Bobocea, A. (2025). Transforming learning with generative AI: From student perceptions to the design of an educational solution. Applied Sciences, 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105785

    Moreno, L. R., Chaccara, V., Medina, J., Zevallos, M., Pecho, M., & Florez, S. (2025). Percepción sobre inteligencia artificial y competencias digitales en los estudiantes de una universidad pública. Revista Espacios, 46(3), 90–105. https://doi.org/10.48082/espacios-a25v46n03p08

    Motlagh, N., Khajavi, M., Sharifi, A., & Ahmadi, M. (2025). The impact of artificial intelligence on the evolution of digital education: A comparative study of OpenAI text generation tools including ChatGPT, Bing Chat, Bard, and Ernie. Future Internet, 17(5), 105. https://www.mdpi.com/1999-5903/15/6/192

    Nyirahabimana, P., Minani, E., Nduwingoma, M., & Kemeza, I. (2022). A scientometric review of multimedia in teaching and learning of physics. LUMAT: International Journal on Math, Science and Technology Education, 10(1), 89–106. https://doi.org/10.31129/LUMAT.10.1.1634

    Puche-Villalobos, D. (2024). Inteligencia artificial como herramienta educativa: Ventajas y desventajas desde la perspectiva docente. Revista Universitaria de Educación, 10, 85–100.

    Reyes-Zúñiga, C. G., Sandoval-Acosta, J. A., & Osuna-Armenta, M. O. (2024). Integración de IA en la retroalimentación académica: Un análisis exploratorio en ingeniería en sistemas computacionales. Revista Interdisciplinaria de Ingeniería Sustentable y Desarrollo Social (RIISDS), 10(1).

    Rivera-Muñoz, J. L., Moscoso-Ojeda, F., Aparicio-Jurado, D. L., Puga-Peña, P. F., Martel-Carranza, C. P., Quispe-Berríos, H., Ugarte-Molina, S., Maldonado-Farfan, A. R., Arias-Gonzáles, J. L., & Vasquez-Pauca, M. J. (2022). Systematic review of adaptive learning technology for learning in higher education. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 98, 221–233.

    Rodríguez-Vieira, M. G., Marín-Díaz, J., & Maiuri-Del Buono, C. (2024). Perspectivas de la inteligencia artificial en la educación universitaria: Un análisis basado en la literatura académica. Revista de Innovación Educativa, 10, 175–193. https://doi.org/10.55560/arete.2024.ee.10.12

    Romani Pillpe, G., Macedo Inca, K., Soto Loza, G., Franco Guevara, A., & Ore Choque, M. (2025). Revisión sistemática de inteligencia artificial generativa (GenIA) para el diseño de experiencias de aprendizaje, 2020–2025. Revista Espacios, 46(3), 1–15. https://www.revistaespacios.com/a25v46n03/a25v46n03p02.pdf

    Viera, I. (2024). La revolución de la inteligencia artificial en la educación universitaria: Avances, perspectivas y desafíos en la era digitaligital. Revista Tecnológica-Educativa Docentes 2.0, 17(2), 170–176. https://doi.org/10.37843/rted.v17i2.539

    Zegarra Ramírez, L. E., Cáceres-Nakiche, K., & Carcausto-Calla, W. H. (2025). Transforming university teaching with the use of intelligence: Opportunities and challenges. Revista de Educación Superior Latinoamericana, 5(2), 1–14.

    MÉTRICAS
    ARTICLE VIEWS: 7
    PDF VIEWS: 8