• Original Articles

    Quality and flexible learning in Higher Education

    Vol. 28 No. 1 (2026)
    Published: 2026-01-27
    Josep M. Duart

    Higher education is currently undergoing profound transformations as a result of increasing digitalization, internationalization, and student diversity. The traditionally accepted notions of quality and flexibility in education must now be understood as interdependent dimensions that guide the development of relevant and meaningful education. This chapter examines contemporary approaches to educational quality (continuous improvement, self-regulation, and a culture of quality) and argues for the value of a competency-based approach in the current context. It also delves into the dimensions of flexibility and its relationship to quality assurance. Based on a narrative analysis supported by recent documentary evidence, it presents examples of institutional success, such as those of the Open University of Catalonia (UOC), the Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education (ITESM), the Open University of the United Kingdom, and a brief case study of the Cooperative University of Colombia (UCC). The role of emerging technologies (learning analytics and artificial intelligence) is discussed, and trends toward 2030 are projected.

    Keywords: Array, Array, Array, Array, Array, Array, Array, Array

    How to Cite

    Duart, J. M. (2026). Quality and flexible learning in Higher Education. Rastros Rostros, 28(1), 1-24. https://doi.org/10.16925/2382-4921.2026.01.03

    Ananiadou, K., & Claro, M. (2009). 21st century skills and competences for new millennium learners in OECD countries. OECD Education Working Papers, No. 41. https://doi.org/10.1787/218525261154

    AQU Catalunya. (2021). Guía para la evaluación ex ante de microcredenciales. Agència per a la Qualitat del Sistema Universitari de Catalunya. https://www.aqu.cat

    Barnett, R. (2000). Realizing the university in an age of supercomplexity. Open University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1004159513741

    Biggs, J., & Tang, C. (2011). Teaching for quality learning at university (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.

    Bond, M. (2024). Artificial intelligence in higher education: A systematic review of impacts on teaching and learning. Computers & Education, 205, 104866. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2023.104866

    Chandler, K., & Perryman, L. A. (2023). “People have started calling me an expert”: The impact of Open University microcredential courses. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 2023(1).

    CNA-Colombia. (s. f.). Lineamientos de acreditación en alta calidad. Comisión Nacional de Acreditación. https://www.cna.gov.co

    Collis, B., & Moonen, J. (2001). Flexible learning in a digital world: Experiences and expectations. Routledge.

    Consejo de la Unión Europea. (2022). Recomendación del Consejo de 16 de junio de 2022 relativa a un enfoque europeo de las microcredenciales para el aprendizaje permanente y la empleabilidad (2022/C 243/02). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/ES/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32022H0627(02)

    Díaz Barriga, A. (2010). El enfoque de competencias en la educación: ¿Una alternativa o un disfraz de cambio? Perfiles Educativos, 32(129), 7–36. https://doi.org/10.22201/iisue.24486167e.2010.129.22936 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22201/iisue.24486167e.2006.111.61545

    Duart, J. M., et al. (2020). Complex trajectories in higher education: Students’ diversity, pathways and future challenges. European Commission, Erasmus+ Project, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya.

    El Galad, A. (2024). Flexible learning dimensions in higher education: Aligning perspectives. Frontiers in Education, 9, 1347432. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1347432 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2024.1347432

    ENQA. (2015). Standards and guidelines for quality assurance in the European Higher Education Area (ESG). European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education. https://www.enqa.eu/esg-standards-and-guidelines

    ENQA. (2023). Quality assurance of micro-credentials. European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education. https://www.enqa.eu

    EUA. (2021). Micro-credentials: EUA position. European University Association. https://eua.eu

    European Association for Quality Assurance in Higher Education. (2015). Standards and guidelines for quality assurance in the European Higher Education Area (ESG). ENQA. https://www.enqa.eu/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/ESG_2015.pdf

    European Commission. (2020). A European approach to micro-credentials. European Commission. https://education.ec.europa.eu

    European University Association. (2024). Quality assurance fit for the future (QA-FIT): Final report. EUA. https://www.eua.eu/publications/reports/quality-assurance-fit-for-the-future.html

    European University Association. (2025). Quality culture in European universities: A bottom-up approach. EUA. https://www.eua.eu/publications/reports/quality-culture-in-european-universities-a-bottom-up-approach.html

    Freire, P. (1997). Pedagogía de la autonomía: Saberes necesarios para la práctica educativa. Siglo XXI.

    Giroux, H. A. (2011). On critical pedagogy. Bloomsbury Academic.

    Guzmán-Valenzuela, C. (2021). Artificial intelligence and higher education: Towards a critical research agenda. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00292-5 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00258-x

    Harvey, L., & Green, D. (1993). Defining quality. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 18(1), 9–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/0260293930180102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/0260293930180102

    Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2021). Artificial intelligence in education: Promises and implications for teaching and learning. Center for Curriculum Redesign.

    Ifenthaler, D., & Yau, J. Y.-K. (2020). Utilising learning analytics for study success: Reflections on current empirical findings. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 30(4), 506–515. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-020-00212-4

    Kohoutek, J. (2025). Institutional approaches to learning outcomes assessment: Comparative perspectives. Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education, 50(3), 389–405. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2025.2468327 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2025.2468327

    Le Boterf, G. (2010). Construir las competencias individuales y colectivas. Paidós.

    Nguyen, H. T., & Bui, M. T. (2025). Direct measurement of learning outcomes in higher education: A proposal of nine standardized scales for continuous improvement in engineering programs. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 80, 101250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2025.101250

    OCDE. (2023). Micro-credentials for lifelong learning and employability. OECD Education Policy Perspectives, No. 66. https://www.oecd.org/education/micro-credentials-for-lifelong-learning-and-employability-9c4b7b68-en.htm

    OECD. (2018). The future of education and skills: Education 2030. OECD Publishing.

    OECD. (2019). OECD future of education and skills 2030: OECD learning compass. OECD Publishing. https://www.oecd.org/education/2030-project

    OECD. (2023). Education at a glance 2023: OECD indicators. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/69096873-en

    Redecker, C. (2017). European framework for the digital competence of educators: DigCompEdu. Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2760/159770

    Ruiz de la Torre, G. (2020). La flexibilidad curricular en la educación superior. Algunas pautas para su implementación. Secretaría de Educación Pública, México. http://www.repositorio.unadmexico.mx/xmlui/handle/123456789/416

    Salazar, F., & Rojas, M. (2022). Microcredenciales y aseguramiento de la calidad en América Latina: Desafíos y oportunidades. Revista Iberoamericana de Educación Superior, 13(36), 103–122. https://doi.org/10.22201/iisue.20072872e.2022.36.978

    Tecnológico de Monterrey. (2016). Folleto Modelo Tec21. Tecnológico de Monterrey.

    Tecnológico de Monterrey. (2020). Modelo flexible y digital para la continuidad académica. Observatorio de Innovación Educativa.

    Thorne, S., & Wilson, T. (2023). “People have started calling me an expert”: The impact of Open University microcredential courses. Journal of Interactive Media in Education, 2023(1), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.5334/jime.804 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5334/jime.804

    UNESCO. (2015). Rethinking education: Towards a global common good? UNESCO Publishing.

    UNESCO. (2021). Reimagining our futures together: A new social contract for education. UNESCO Publishing. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379707

    UNESCO. (2022). Reimagining our futures together: A new social contract for education. UNESCO Publishing. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379707

    Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC). (2024, June 28). Nace OpenEU, el primer paso hacia una universidad abierta europea. UOC. https://www.uoc.edu/es/news/2024/nace-openeu-primer-paso-hacia-una-universidad-abierta-paneuropea

    Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC). (2025, January 14). OpenEU da sus primeros pasos hacia la primera universidad abierta de Europa. UOC. https://www.uoc.edu/es/news/2025/primeros-pasos-openeu

    Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC). (2025, May 14). SofIA, la apuesta de la UOC por integrar la inteligencia artificial humanista, ética y disruptiva. UOC. https://www.uoc.edu/es/news/2025/sofia-uoc-inteligencia-artificial

    Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC). (2025, May 15). El aprendizaje con IA y los avances en tecnología educativa. UOC. https://www.uoc.edu/es/news/2025/uoc-edmedia-aprendizaje-ia-avances-tecnologia-educativa

    Williamson, B., & Eynon, R. (2020). Historical threads, missing links, and future directions in AI in education. Learning, Media and Technology, 45(3), 223–235. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2020.1798995 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2020.1798995

    Zabala, A., & Arnau, L. (2014). Metodología didáctica en educación por competencias: Bases para un aprendizaje significativo. Graó.

    Zawacki-Richter, O., Marín, V. I., Bond, M., & Gouverneur, F. (2019). Systematic review of research on artificial intelligence applications in higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 16(39), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-019-0171-0

    MÉTRICAS
    ARTICLE VIEWS: 121
    PDF VIEWS: 206