ucc
Research Articles

Differences of sex in severity and risk factors for dental caries and periodontal disease

DOI: https://doi.org/10.16925/2357-4607.2019.01.03
Vol. 15 No. 28 (2019)
Published: 2019-04-22
Ana Cristina Mafla
Mauricio Alexander Patiño
Introduction: The objective of this study was to determine if there are sex differences in severity and risk factors in the development of dental caries and periodontal disease.
 
Methods: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional study by reviewing medical records of 621 patients at
the Faculty of Dentistry of the Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia in Pasto, Colombia, during 2008 and 2013. The COPD and ICDAS II index were obtained to determine the severity of dental caries and the CPITN Index to evaluate periodontal disease. A descriptive analysis was performed, and the association between dental caries and periodontal disease as well as the risk factors were evaluated using generalized linear models.
 
Results: the mean COPD was slightly higher in women (20.97 ± 6.01) than in men (20.59 ± 5.47) (P = 0.191).
There was difference in teeth lost in males (4.85 ± 4.54) and females (6.12 ± 5.64) (P = 0.020). We found that
12.8% of men and 10.2% of women had periodontal pockets ≥6mm (P = 0.136). The presence of diastemas (OR = 2.881, 95% CI: 1.479-5.613, P = 0.002) and gingival bleeding (OR = 40.263, 95% CI: 7.851-206.484, P <0.001) were significantly associated with periodontal disease (OR = 2.859, 95% CI: 1.046-3.304, P <0.034) had an influence on this disease in women (OR = 2.059, 95% CI: 1.387-3.055, P <0.001).
 
Conclusion: the retrospective cross-sectional study design is limited, but offers a promising avenue for future
explorations. The results have implications for promoting differences in sex in oral health care.
Keywords: Array, Array, Array, Array, Array
PDF (Spanish)

How to Cite

Differences of sex in severity and risk factors for dental caries and periodontal disease. (2019). Revista Nacional de Odontología, 15(28). https://doi.org/10.16925/2357-4607.2019.01.03

License

Every single author of the articles has to declare that is an original unpublished work exclusively created by them, that it has not been submitted for simultaneous evaluation by another publication and that there is no impediment of any kind for concession of the rights provided for in the contract.

In this sense, the authors committed to await the result of the evaluation by the journal Revista Nacional de Odontologia before considering its submission to another medium; in case the response by that publication is positive, additionally, the authors committed to respond for any action involving claims, plagiarism or any other kind of claim that could be made by third parties.

At the same time, the authors have to declare that they are completely in agreement with the conditions presented in their work and that they cede all patrimonial rights. These rights involve reproduction, public communication, distribution, dissemination, transformation, making it available and all forms of exploitation of the work using any medium or procedure, during the term of the legal protection of the work and in every country in the world, to the Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia Press. 

References

Legato MJ. Por qué los hombres nunca recuerdan y las mujeres nunca olvidan. Barcelona: Urano; 2006. 268 p.

Gur RC, Mozley LH, Mozley PD, Resnick SM, Karp JS, A Alavi, et al. Sex differences in regional cerebral glucose metabolism during a resting state. Science. 1995;267:528–531. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7824953].

Petersen PE. The world oral health report 2003: continuous improvement of oral health in the 21st century-the approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2003;31(1):3-23. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15015736].

Skinner J, Johnson G, Phelan C, Blinkhorn A. Dental caries in 14-and 15-year-olds in New South Wales, Australia. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:1060. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1060. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24209635].

Al-Darwish M, El Ansari W, Bener A. Prevalence of dental caries among 12-14 year old children in Qatar. Saudi Dent J. 2014;26(3):115-125. doi: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2014.03.006. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4095054/].

Silva AE, Menezes AM, Assunção MC, Gonçalves H, Demarco FF, Vargas-Ferreira F, et al. Validation of self-reported information on dental caries in a birth cohort at 18 years of age. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e106382. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106382. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4159228/].

Žemaitienė M, Grigalauskienė R, Vasiliauskienė I, Saldūnaitė K, Razmienė J, Slabšinskienė E. Prevalence and severity of dental caries among 18-year-old Lithuanian adolescents. Medicina (Kaunas). 2016;52(1):54-60. doi: 10.1016/j.medici.2016.01.006. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26987501].

Kutesa A, Kasangaki A, Nkamba M, Muwazi L, Okullo I, Rwenyonyi CM. Prevalence and factors associated with dental caries among children and adults in selected districts in Uganda. Afr Health Sci. 2015;15(4):1302-7. doi: 10.4314/ahs.v15i4.33. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26958035].

Edman K, Öhrn K, Nordström B, Holmlund A, Hellberg D. Trends over 30 years in the prevalence and

severity of alveolar bone loss and the influence of smoking and socio-economic factors - based on epidemiological surveys in Sweden 1983-2013. Int J Dent Hyg. 2015;13(4):283-291. doi: 10.1111/idh.12164. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26215672].

Aimetti M, Perotto S, Castiglione A, Mariani GM, Ferrarotti F, Romano F. Prevalence of periodontitis in an adult population from an urban area in North Italy: findings from a cross-sectional population-based epidemiological survey. J Clin Periodontol. 2015;42(7):622-631. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12420. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25970460].

Torrungruang K, Tamsailom S, Rojanasomsith K, Sutdhibhisal S, Nisapakultorn K, Vanichjakvong O, et al. Risk indicators of periodontal disease in older Thai adults. J Periodontol. 2005;76(4):558-65. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15857096].

Balaji SK, Lavu V, Rao S. Chronic periodontitis prevalence and the inflammatory burden in a sample population from South India. Indian J Dent Res. 2018;29(2):254-259. doi: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_335_17. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29652025].

Idrees M, Hammad M, Faden A, Kujan O. Influence of body mass index on severity of dental caries: cross-sectional study in healthy adults. Ann Saudi Med. 2017;37(6):444-448. doi: 10.5144/0256-4947.2017.444. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29229892].

Ramírez-Puerta BS, Viñas-Sarmiento Y, López-Camacho V, Morales-Flórez JL. Línea de base en caries dental, Antioquia (Colombia), 2011. doi: 10.16925.issn.1900-3080. Rev Nac Odontol. 2012; 8(15): 9-20.

Wang L, Cheng L, Yuan B, Hong X, Hu T. Association between socio-economic status and dental caries in elderly people in Sichuan Province, China: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2017;7(9):e016557. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016557. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28947446].

He S, Thomson WM. An oral epidemiological comparison of Chinese and New Zealand adults in 2 key age groups. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2018;46(2):154-160. doi: 10.1111/cdoe.12348.

Lorenzo SM, Álvarez R, Andrade E, Piccardo V, Francia A, Massa Fernando, et al. Periodontal conditions and associated factors among adults and the elderly: findings from the first National Oral Health Survey in Uruguay. Cad. Saúde Pública. 2015;31(11): 2425-2436. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00012115. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26840821].

Vlassoff C. Gender differences in determinants and consequences of health and illness. J Health Popul Nutr. 2007;25(1):47-61. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17615903].

Vano M, Gennai S, Karapetsa D, Miceli M, Giuca MR, Gabriele M, et al. The influence of educational level and oral hygiene behaviours on DMFT index and CPITN index in an adult Italian population: An epidemiological study. Int J Dent Hyg. 2015;13(2):151-157. doi: 10.1111/idh.12098. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25040938].

Álvarez L, Liberman J, Abreu S, Mangarelli C, Correa MB, Demarco FF, et al. Dental caries in Uruguayan adults and elders: Findings from the first Uruguayan National Oral Health Survey. Cad Saude Publica. 2015;31(8):1663-1672. doi: 10.1590/0102-311X00132214. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26375645].

Ajayi DM, Abiodun-Solanke IM, Gbadebo SO. A 5-year retrospective study of rampant dental caries among adult patients in a Nigerian Teaching Hospital. Indian J Dent Res. 2015;26(3):267-70. doi: 10.4103/0970-9290.162885. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26275193].

Rojas-Gutiérrez WJ, Vivares-Builes AM, Agudelo-Suárez AA. Caries dental e higiene bucal en escolares de la zona rural del municipio de Jericó, Antioquia, 2013. Rev Nac Odontol. 2013; 9(17):27-34. doi: 10.16925/od.v9i17.569.

Lukacs JR, Largaespada LL. Explaining sex differences in dental caries prevalence: saliva, hormones, and ‘‘Life-History’’ etiologies. American Journal of Human Biology. 2006;18(4):540–55. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16788889].

Stock C, Jürges H, Shen J, Bozorgmehr K, Listl S. A comparison of tooth retention and replacement across 15 countries in the over-50s. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol. 2016;44(3):223-231. doi: 10.1111/cdoe.12209. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26706945].

Tsai SJ, Lin MS, Chiu WN, Jane SW, Tu LT, Chen MY. Factors associated with having less than 20 natural teeth in rural adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Oral Health. 2015;15(1):158. doi: 10.1186/s12903-015-0147-y. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4676875/].

Tiwari T, Scarbro S, Bryant LL, Puma J. Factors associated with tooth loss in older adults in rural Colorado. J Community Health. 2016;41(3):476-481. doi: 10.1007/s10900-015-0117-y. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4842337/].

Roohafza H, Afghari P, Keshteli AH, Vali A, Shirani M, Adibi P, Afshar H. The relationship between tooth loss and psychological factors. Community Dent Health. 2015;32(1):16-19. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26263587].

Bansal M, Mittal N, Singh TB. Assessment of the prevalence of periodontal diseases and treatment needs: A hospital-based study. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2015;19(2):211-215. doi: 10.4103/0972-124X.145810. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4439634/].

García-Conde G, Espinosa de Santillana A, Martínez F, Huerta-Herrera N, Islas-Márquez AJ, Medina-Solís E. Periodontal treatment needs in adults from Mixteca rural area in Puebla State, Mexico. Rev. salud pública. 2010;12(4):647-657. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21340129].

Oertelt-Prigione S. The influence of sex and gender on the immune response. Autoimmun Rev. 2012;11(6-7):A479-85. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.11.022. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22155201].

Whitacre CC, Reingold SC, O'Looney PA. A gender gap in autoimmunity. Science. 1999;283(5406):1277-1278. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10084932].

Kanda N, Tsuchida T, Tamaki K. Testosterone inhibits immunoglobulin production by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Clin Exp Immunol. 1996;106(2):410–415. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2249.1996.d01-842.x. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2200579/].

Haytac MC, Ozcelik O, Mariotti A. Periodontal disease in men. Periodontol 2000. 2013;61(1):252-265. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2011.00410.x. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23240953].

Orwoll ES, Chan BK, Lambert LC, Marshall LM, Lewis C, Phipps KR. Sex steroids, periodontal health, and tooth loss in older men. J Dent Res. 2009;88(8):704-708. doi: 10.1177/0022034509341013. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2841022/].

Raber-Durlacher J, Steenbergen T, Velden U, Graaf J, Abraham L. Experimental gingivitis during pregnancy and post-partum: Clinical, endocrinological, and microbiological aspects. J Clin Periodontol.1994;21(8):549-558. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7989619].

Tilakaratne A, Soory M, Ranasinghe A, Corea S, Ekanayake S, De Silva M. Periodontal disease status during pregnancy and 3 months post-partum, in a rural population of Sri-Lankan women. J Clin Periodontol. 2000;27(10):787–792. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11034128].

Goyal S, Gupta G, Thomas B, Bhat KM, Bhat GS. Stress and periodontal disease: The link and logic!! Ind Psychiatry J. 2013;22(1):4-11. doi: 10.4103/0972-6748.123585 [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3895311/].

González-Díaz ME, Toledo Pimentel B, Nazco Ríos C. Enfermedad periodontal y factores locales y sistémicos asociados. Rev Cubana Estomatol. 2002;39(3):374-395.

Broadbent JM, Williams KB, Thomson WM, Williams SM. Dental restorations: a risk factor for periodontal attachment loss? J Clin Periodontol. 2006;33(11):803-810. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2006.00988.x. [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2249557/].

American Psychological Association (APA). Gender and stress. [Online]. Citado en 2016. [Fecha de acceso: 14 de Enero de 2018]. Disponible en URL: http://www.apa.org/news/press/releases/stress/2010/gender-stress.aspx

Bansal J, Bansal A, Shahi M, Kedige S, Narula R. Periodontal emotional stress syndrome: review of basic concepts, mechanism and management. Open Journal of Medical Psychology. 2014;3(3):250-261. [http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=45252].

MÉTRICAS
ARTICLE VIEWS: 3126
PDF VIEWS: 2329

Most read articles by the same author(s)