Electrical Impedance Tomography: Hardware Fundamentals And Medical Applications

Fausto Andrés Escobar Revelo; Víctor Hugo  Mosquera Leyton; Carlos Felipe  Rengifo Rodas

doi:10.16925/2357-6014.2020.03.02

Tomografía de impedancia eléctrica : fundamentos de hardware y aplicaciones médicas

Artículos de revisión

https://doi.org/10.16925/2357-6014.2020.03.02

Fausto Andrés Escobar Revelo Ver Biografía

Universidad del Cauca

Víctor Hugo Mosquera Leyton Ver Biografía

Universidad del Cauca

Carlos Felipe Rengifo Rodas Ver Biografía

Universidad del Cauca

Introducción: En el siguiente artículo se muestra una revisión sistemática de publicaciones sobre topologías

hardware utilizadas para capturar y procesar señales eléctricas utilizadas en tomografía por impedancia eléctrica (TIE) en aplicaciones médicas, así como la actualidad del TIE en el campo de la biomedicina. Este trabajo es producto del proyecto de investigación “Tomografía de impedancia eléctrica basada en dispositivo de señal mixta”, que tiene lugar en la Universidad del Cauca durante el período 2017-2019.

Objetivo: Esta revisión describe la estructura hardware de los sistemas de TIE, además de sus características,

como frecuencia y magnitud de señales de corriente, patrones de inyección y medición de señales y número de electrodos orientado a, uso clínico.

Metodología: Se realizó una revisión sistemática, en las bases de datos IEEE-Xplore, ScienceDirect y Scopus.

Tras la clasificación se obtuvo 106 artículos relevantes sobre estudios científicos de sistemas, aplicaciones

dedicadas al análisis de imágenes médicas.

Conclusión: Los métodos basados en impedancia, tienen una variedad de aplicaciones médicas, puesto que

permite la reconstrucción de una región corporal, mediante la estimación de la distribución de conductividad

al interior del cuerpo humano, sin radiación y elementos de contraste, tan perjudiciales para la salud de los

pacientes; convirtiéndola en una herramienta muy útil y versátil en el tratamiento de enfermedades como:

monitorear la presión arterial, detección de arterosclerosis, localización de hemorragias intracraneales, determinar la densidad ósea, entre otras.

Palabras clave: bioimpedancia, aplicaciones médicas TIE, tomografía de impedancia eléctrica

L. A. Geddes and L. E. Baker, “The specific resistance of biological material-A compendium of data for the biomedical engineer and physiologist,” Medical and biological engineering, vol. 5, no. 3. pp. 271–293, 1967. [Online]. doi: 10.1007/BF02474537.

H. Wang, H. Hu, L. Wang, and H. Wang, “Image reconstruction for an Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) system based on a least squares support vector machine and bacterial colony chemotaxis algorithm,” Flow Measurement and Instrumentation, vol. 27. pp. 59–66, 2012. [Online]. doi: https://doi.org /10.1016/j.flowmeasinst.2012.05.006.

H. Sohal, H. Wi, A. L. McEwan, E. J. Woo, and T. I. Oh, “Electrical impedance imaging system using FPGAs for flexibility and interoperability,” BioMedical Engineering OnLine, vol. 13. 2014. [Online]. doi: 10.1186/1475-925X-13-126.

S. Liu, X. Deng, Z. Jiang, and Y. Tang, “Hardware Design of Tuber Electrical Resistance Tomography System Based on the Soil Impedance Test and Analysis,” MATEC Web of Conferences, vol. 68, p. 12008, Aug. 2016. [Online]. doi: 10.1051/matecconf/20166812008.

S. Khan, P. Manwaring, A. Borsic, and R. Halter, “FPGA-based voltage and current dual drive system for high frame rate electrical impedance tomography,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 34, no. 4. pp. 888–901, 2015. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2014.2367315.

M. Proenca et al., “Non-invasive monitoring of pulmonary artery pressure at the bedside,” in 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2016, pp. 4236–4239. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2016.7591662.

K. Y. Aristovich, B. C. Packham, H. Koo, G. S. dos Santos, A. McEvoy, and D. S. Holder, “Imaging fast electrical activity in the brain with electrical impedance tomography,” NeuroImage, vol. 124, no. Pt A. pp. 204–213, 01-Jan-2016. [Online]. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.071.

C. Li, S. Balla-Arabé, and F. Yang, “Embedded multi-spectral image processing for real-time medical application,” Journal of Systems Architecture.

Guizhi Xu et al., “The Acquisition Hardware System with Direct Digital Synthesis and Filtered Back-Projection Imaging in Electrical Impedance Tomography,” 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference. pp. 7758–7761, 2005. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2005.1616311.

T. A. Khan and S. H. Ling, “Review on electrical impedance tomography: Artificial intelli-gence methods and its applications,” Algorithms, vol. 12, no. 5, 2019. [Online]. doi: 10.3390/a12050088.

A. Adler, P. O. Gaggero, and Y. Maimaitijiang, “Adjacent stimulation and measurement pat-terns considered harmful,” Physiological Measurement, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 731–744, Jul. 2011. [Online]. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/32/7/S01.

D. C. Barber and A. D. Seagar, “Fast reconstruction of resistance images,” Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement, vol. 8, no. 4A, pp. 47–54, Nov. 1987. [Online]. doi: 10.1088/ 0143-0815/8/4A/006.

T. Schlebusch, S. Nienke, S. A. Santos, and S. Leonhardt, “Bladder volume estimation from electrical impedance tomography,” in 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2013, vol. 35, no. 9, pp. 6441–6444. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2013.6611029.

C. Polk and E. Postow, Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, -2 Volume Set. CRC press, 1995.

M. Guermandi, R. Cardu, E. F. Scarselli, and R. Guerrieri, “Active electrode IC for EEG and electrical impedance tomography with continuous monitoring of contact impedance,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 9, no. 1. pp. 21–33, 2015. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2014.2311836.

M. Soleimani, C. Gómez-Laberge, and A. Adler, “Imaging of conductivity changes and elec-trode movement in EIT,” Physiological Measurement, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. S103–S113, May 2006. [Online]. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/27/5/S09.

D. Leonhäuser et al., “Evaluation of electrical impedance tomography for determination of urinary bladder volume: comparison with standard ultrasound methods in healthy volun-teers,” Biomedical engineering online, vol. 17, no. 1. BioMed Central, p. 95, 2018. [Online]. doi: 10.1186/s12938-018-0526-0.

S. B. Ayati, K. Bouazza-Marouf, and D. Kerr, “In vitro localisation of intracranial haematoma using electrical impedance tomography semi-array,” Medical Engineering & Physics, vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 34–41, Jan. 2015. [Online]. doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2014.10.001.

O. L. Silva, R. G. Lima, T. C. Martins, F. S. de Moura, R. S. Tavares, and M. S. G. Tsuzuki, “Influence of current injection pattern and electric potential measurement strategies in electrical im-pedance tomography,” Control Engineering Practice, vol. 58. Elsevier, pp. 276–286, 2017. [Online]. doi: 10.1016/j.conengprac.2016.03.003.

E. Malone, G. Sato dos Santos, D. Holder, and S. Arridge, “Multifrequency Electrical Impedance Tomography Using Spectral Constraints,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, vol. 33, no. 2, pp. 340–350, Feb. 2014. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/TMI.2013.2284966.

A. Koksal and B. M. Eyuboglu, “Determination of optimum injected current patterns in electri-cal impedance tomography,” Physiological Measurement, vol. 16, no. 3A, pp. A99–A109, Aug. 1995. [Online]. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/16/3A/010.

B. H. Brown and A. D. Seagar, “The Sheffield data collection system,” Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement, vol. 8, no. 4A, pp. 91–97, Nov. 1987. [Online]. doi: 10.1088/0143 -0815/8/4A/012.

S. Leonhardt et al., “Electric impedance tomography for monitoring volume and size of the urinary bladder,” Biomedizinische Technik/Biomedical Engineering, vol. 56, no. 6, pp. 301–307, Jan. 2011. [Online]. doi: 10.1515/BMT.2011.022.

A. Romsauerova, A. McEwan, L. Horesh, R. Yerworth, R. H. Bayford, and D. S. Holder, “Multi-frequency electrical impedance tomography (EIT) of the adult human head: initial findings in brain tumours, arteriovenous malformations and chronic stroke, development of an analysis method and calibration,” Physiological Measurement, vol. 27, no. 5, pp. S147–S161, May 2006. [Online]. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/27/5/S13.

E. Santos and F. Simini, “Alternativas de proyecto e implementación de circuitos y de progra-mas de reconstrucción tendientes a un tomógrafo por impedancia eléctrica para la presen-tación compacta del estado edemático de cortes torácicos en tiempo real.” p. 255, 2014.

K. Petersen, S. Vakkalanka, and L. Kuzniarz, “Guidelines for conducting systematic mapping studies in software engineering: An update,” Information and Software Technology, vol. 64. Elsevier, pp. 1–18, 01-Aug-2015. [Online]. doi: 10.1016/j.infsof.2015.03.007.

B. Lachmann, O. L. Concept, and D. Gommers, “Respiratory Cycle in 90 Images,” no. February. pp. 20–22, 2010.

Dräger, “Dräger PulmoVista ® 500 ICU Ventilation and Respiratory Monitoring.” [Online]. Available: https://www.draeger.com/Products/Content/pulmovist, 2017.

T. I. Oh, H. Koo, K. H. Lee, and S. M. Kim, “Validation of a multi-frequency electrical impedan-ce tomography ( mfEIT ) system KHU Mark1 : impedance spectroscopy and time-difference imaging,” vol. 295. [Online]. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/29/3/002.

H. Wi, H. Sohal, A. L. McEwan, E. J. Woo, and T. I. Oh, “Multi-frequency electrical impedan-ce tomography system with automatic self-calibration for long-term monitoring,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 8, no. 1. pp. 119–128, 2014. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2013.2256785.

X. Yue and C. McLeod, “FPGA design and implementation for EIT data acquisition,” Physiological Measurement, vol. 29, no. 10, pp. 1233–1246, Oct. 2008. [Online]. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/29/10/007.

R. J. Halter, A. Hartov, and K. D. Paulsen, “A Broadband High-Frequency Electrical Impedance Tomography System for Breast Imaging,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, vol. 55, no. 2. IEEE, pp. 650–659, Feb-2008. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/TBME.2007.903516.

S. Kimel-naor, S. Abboud, and M. Arad, “Parametric electrical impedance tomography for me-asuring bone mineral density in the pelvis using a computational model,” Medical Engineering and Physics, vol. 0. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 1–7, 2016. [Online]. doi: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2016.04.013.

S. A. Santos, A. Robens, A. Boehm, S. Leonhardt, and D. Teichmann, “Supplementary Materials : System Description and First Application of an FPGA-Based Simultaneous Multi-Frequency Electrical Impedance Tomography mfDummy Amplitude mfDummy Amplitude and Phase all same scale Selbstversuche M1,” no. 5. pp. 2–4, 2016. [Online]. doi: 10.3390/s16081158.

X. Shi et al., “Design and implementation of a high-precision electrical impedance tomogra-phy data acquisition system for brain imaging,” in 2016 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), 2016, pp. 9–15. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/BioCAS.2016.7833712.

P. Artem and S. Dmitry, “FPGA technologies in medical equipment: Electrical impedance to-mography,” Proceedings of IEEE East-West Design and Test Symposium, EWDTS 2013. pp. 0–3, 2013. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/EWDTS.2013.6673157.

G. Xu et al., “A 128-Electrode Three Dimensional Electrical Impedance Tomography System,” in 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2007, pp. 4386–4389. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/IEMBS.2007.4353310.

A. Fouchard et al., “Modular architecture of a Multi - frequency Electrical Impedance Tomography system : design and implementation,” 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicince and Biology Society. pp. 6076–6079, 2014. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2014.6945015.

J. Huang, Y. Hung, J. Wang, and B. Lin, “Design of wearable and wireless electrical impedan-ce tomography system,” MEASUREMENT, vol. 78. Elsevier Ltd, pp. 9–17, 2016. [Online]. doi: 10.1016/j.measurement.2015.09.031.

M. Khalighi, B. Vosoughi Vahdat, M. Mortazavi, W. Hy, and M. Soleimani, “Practical design of low-cost instrumentation for industrial electrical impedance tomography (EIT),” 2012 IEEE I2MTC - International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Proceedings. pp. 1259–1263, 2012. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/I2MTC.2012.6229173.

V. Tomicic and R. Cornejo, “Lung monitoring with electrical impedance tomography: techni-cal considerations and clinical applications,” Journal of Thoracic Disease, vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 3122–3135, Jul. 2019. [Online]. doi: 10.21037/jtd.2019.06.27.[42] M. Salucci and G. Oliveri, “Robust real‐time inversion of electrical impedance tomography data for human lung ventilation monitoring,” Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 5–8, Jan. 2019. [Online]. doi: 10.1002/mop.31501.

J. N. G. Lima, M. S. Fontes, T. Szmuszkowicz, A. M. Isola, and A. T. Maciel, “Electrical impe-dance tomography monitoring during spontaneous breathing trial: Physiological description and potential clinical utility,” Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, p. aas.13383, May 2019. [Online]. doi: 10.1111/aas.13383.

B. Yang et al., “Comparison of electrical impedance tomography and intracranial pressure during dehydration treatment of cerebral edema,” NeuroImage: Clinical, vol. 23, p. 101909, 2019. [Online]. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101909.

A. Everitt, B. K. Root, D. F. Bauer, and R. J. Halter, “Electrical impedance mapping for localizing evolving traumatic brain injury,” in Medical Imaging 2019: Biomedical Applications in Molecular, Structural, and Functional Imaging, 2019, vol. 10953, p. 30. [Online]. doi: 10.1117/12.2512292.

Y. Li et al., “Analysis of measurement electrode location in bladder urine monitoring using electrical impedance,” Biomedical engineering online, vol. 18, no. 1, p. 34, 2019.

Y.-J. Han, A. K. Khambampati, and K.-Y. Kim, “Performance analysis of EIT bladder monitoring system according to input current patterns,” Journal of IKEEE, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 164–172, 2019. [Online]. doi: https://doi.org /10.7471/ikeee.2019.23.1.164.

S. Arad, S. Zlochiver, and M. Mahajna, “Diagnostic and monitoring electrical impedance to-mography (eit) system for osteoporosis.” Google Patents, 2019.

G. Hansen, T. Holt, and J. Dmytrowich, “Thoracic electrical impedance tomography to mini-mize right heart strain following cardiac arrest,” 2019.[Online].doi:10.4103/apc.APC_189_18.

A. M. Ambrosio et al., “Ventilation distribution assessed with electrical impedance tomogra-phy and the influence of tidal volume, recruitment and positive end-expiratory pressure in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs,” Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, vol. 44, no. 2, pp. 254–263, Mar. 2017. [Online]. doi: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.06.003.

B. Grychtol, G. Elke, P. Meybohm, N. Weiler, I. Frerichs, and A. Adler, “Functional Validation and Comparison Framework for EIT Lung Imaging,” PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 8, p. e103045, Aug. 2014. [Online]. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103045.

Doan Trang Nguyen et al., “Electrical Impedance Tomography for assessing Ventilation/Perfusion mismatch for Pulmonary Embolism detection without interruptions in respiration,” 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE, pp. 6068–6071, Aug-2014. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2014.6945013.

K. Roubik, V. Sobota, and M. Laviola, “Selection of the Baseline Frame for Evaluation of Electrical Impedance Tomography of the Lungs,” in 2015 Second International Conference on Mathematics and Computers in Sciences and in Industry (MCSI), 2015, pp. 293–297. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/MCSI.2015.51.

A. D. Waldmann et al., “Position-dependent distribution of lung ventilation — A feasability study,” in 2015 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium (SAS), 2015, pp. 1–6. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/SAS.2015.7133643.

C. J. C. Trepte et al., “Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) for quantification of pulmonary edema in acute lung injury,” Critical Care, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 18, Dec. 2015. [Online]. doi: 10.1186/s13054-015-1173-5.

L. Andiani, A. Rubiyanto, and Endarko, “Sensitivity analysis of thorax imaging using two-di-mensional Electrical Impedance Tomography (EIT),” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 1248, no. 1, 2019. [Online]. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1248/1/012009.

J. Bordes, P. Goutorbe, P. J. Cungi, M. C. Boghossian, and E. Kaiser, “Noninvasive ventilation during spontaneous breathing anesthesia: an observational study using electrical impe-dance tomography,” Journal of Clinical Anesthesia, vol. 34, pp. 420–426, Nov. 2016. [Online]. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2016.04.016.

J. L. Hough, A. D. Shearman, H. Liley, C. A. Grant, and A. Schibler, “Lung recruitment and endotracheal suction in ventilated preterm infants measured with electrical impedance to-mography,” Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, vol. 50, no. 11, pp. 884–889, Nov. 2014. [Online]. doi:10.1111/jpc.12661.[59] F. Trenk et al., “Evaluation of lung ventilation distribution in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients using the global inhomogeneity index,” in 2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2016, pp. 5286–5289. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2016.7591920.

S. Heizmann, M. Baumgärtner, S. Krüger-Ziolek, Z. Zhao, and K. Möller, “3-D Lung Visualization Using Electrical Impedance Tomography Combined with Body Plethysmography,” in The 15th International Conference on Biomedical Engineering, 2014, pp. 172–175. [Online]. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-02913-9_44.

I. Chatziioannidis, T. Samaras, G. Mitsiakos, P. Karagianni, and N. Nikolaidis, “Assessment of lung ventilation in infants with respiratory distress syndrome using electrical impedance to-mography,” Hippokratia, vol. 17, no. 2. Hippokratio General Hospital of Thessaloniki, p. 115, 2013.

F. Rossi, A. Yagui, L. Haddad, A. Deutsch, and C. Rebello, “Electrical impedance tomography to evaluate air distribution prior to extubation in very-low-birth-weight infants: a feasibility study,” Clinics, vol. 68, no. 3, pp. 345–350, Mar. 2013. [Online]. doi: 10.6061/clinics/2013(03)OA10.

B. Amm et al., “Real-time 3D electrical impedance imaging for ventilation monitoring of the lung: Pilot study,” in 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2014, pp. 6064–6067. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2014.6945012.

M. Balleza-Ordaz, E. Perez-Alday, M. Vargas-Luna, and J. P. Riu, “Tidal volume monitoring by electrical impedance tomography (EIT) using different regions of interest (ROI): Calibration equations,” Biomedical Signal Processing and Control, vol. 18, pp. 102–109, Apr. 2015. DOI:10.1016/j.bspc.2014.12.004.

K. Buzkova and J. Suchomel, “Use of electrical impedance tomography for quantitative evalua-tion of disability level of bronchopulmonary dysplasia,” in 2013 E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB), 2013, pp. 1–4. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/EHB.2013.6707307.

S. Hong, J. Lee, J. Bae, and H. Yoo, “A 10.4 mW electrical impedance tomography SoC for portable real-time lung ventilation monitoring system,” in 2014 IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference (A-SSCC), 2014, vol. 50, no. 11, pp. 193–196. [Online]. doi:10.1109/ASSCC.2014.7008893.

M. Kim, J. Bae, and H.-J. Yoo, “Wearable 3D lung ventilation monitoring system with multi frequency electrical impedance tomography,” in 2017 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS), 2017, pp. 1–4. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/BIOCAS.2017.8325163.

J. Lee, U. Ha, and H. Yoo, “30-fps SNR equalized electrical impedance tomography IC with fast-settle filter and adaptive current control for lung monitoring,” in 2016 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), 2016, vol. c, pp. 109–112. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/ISCAS.2016.7527182.

N. Omer, S. Abboud, and M. Arad, “Classifying lung congestion in congestive heart failure using electrical impedance - a 3D model,” in 2015 Computing in Cardiology Conference (CinC), 2015, pp. 369–372. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/CIC.2015.7408663.

Zhanqi Zhao, K. Moller, B. Vogt, I. Frerichs, and U. Muller-Lisse, “Customized evaluation sof-tware for clinical trials: An example on pulmonary function test with electrical impedance tomography,” in 2013 ICME International Conference on Complex Medical Engineering, 2013, pp. 128–133. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/ICCME.2013.6548225.

S. Ren, K. Sun, D. Liu, and F. Dong, “A Statistical Shape Constrained Reconstruction Framework for Electrical Impedance Tomography,” IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, no. 1, pp. 1–1, 2019. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/tmi.2019.2900031.

J. Latikka and H. Eskola, “The Resistivity of Human Brain Tumours In Vivo,” Annals of Biomedical Engineering, vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 706–713, 2019. [Online]. doi: 10.1007/s10439-018-02189-7.

B. Yang et al., “Real-time imaging of cerebral infarction in rabbits using electrical impedance tomography,” Journal of International Medical Research, vol. 42, no. 1, pp. 173–183, Feb. 2014. [Online]. doi: 10.1177/0300060513499100.

J. Gao, S. Yue, J. Chen, and H. Wang, “Classification of normal and cancerous lung tissues by electrical impendence tomography,” Bio-medical materials and engineering, vol. 24, no. 6. IOS press, pp. 2229–2241, 2014. [Online]. doi: 10.3233/BME-141035.

J. Sola, M. Proenca, and O. Chetelat, “Wearable PWV technologies to measure Blood Pressure: eliminating brachial cuffs,” in 2013 35th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), 2013, pp. 4098–4101. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2013.6610446.

J. Solà, A. Adler, A. Santos, G. Tusman, F. Suárez Sipmann, and S. H. Bohm, “Unsupervised non-invasive measurement of aortic pulse transit time by means of electrical impedan-ce tomography,” Artery Research, vol. 5, no. 4, p. 144, Dec. 2011. [Online]. doi: 10.1016/j.artres.2011.10.225.

J. Solà, A. Adler, A. Santos, G. Tusman, F. S. Sipmann, and S. H. Bohm, “Non-invasive moni-toring of central blood pressure by electrical impedance tomography: first experimental evi-dence,” Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 409–415, Apr. 2011. [Online]. doi: 10.1007/s11517-011-0753-z.

S. Leonhardt, R. Pikkemaat, O. Stenqvist, and S. Lundin, “Electrical Impedance Tomography for hemodynamic monitoring,” in 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 2012, pp. 122–125. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/EMBC.2012.6345886.

D. Chakraborty and M. Chattopadhyay, “Finite Element Method based Modeling of a Sensory System for Detection of Atherosclerosis in Human Using Electrical Impedance Tomography,” Procedia Technology, vol. 10, pp. 262–270, 2013. [Online]. doi: 10.1016/j.protcy.2013.12.360.

M. Proença, F. Braun, J. Solà, J.-P. Thiran, and M. Lemay, “Noninvasive pulmonary artery pres-sure monitoring by EIT: a model-based feasibility study,” Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing, vol. 55, no. 6, pp. 949–963, Jun. 2017. [Online]. doi: 10.1007/s11517-016-1570-1.

F. Fu et al., “Use of Electrical Impedance Tomography to Monitor Regional Cerebral Edema during Clinical Dehydration Treatment,” PLoS ONE, vol. 9, no. 12, p. e113202, Dec. 2014. [Online]. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113202.

M. Dai et al., “In Vivo Imaging of Twist Drill Drainage for Subdural Hematoma: A Clinical Feasibility Study on Electrical Impedance Tomography for Measuring Intracranial Bleeding in Humans,” PLoS ONE, vol. 8, no. 1, p. e55020, Jan. 2013. [Online]. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055020.

G. Boverman, T.-J. Kao, X. Wang, J. M. Ashe, D. M. Davenport, and B. C. Amm, “Detection of small bleeds in the brain with electrical impedance tomography,” Physiological Measurement, vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 727–750, Jun. 2016. [Online]. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/37/6/727.

S. Suksawang, K. Niamsri, and T. Ouypornkochagorn, “Scalp Voltage Response to Conductivity Changes in,” 2018 15th International Conference on Electrical Engineering/Electronics, Computer, Telecommunications and Information Technology (ECTI-CON), no. July, pp. 223–236, 2018.

S. R. Atefi, F. Seoane, S. Kamalian, E. S. Rosenthal, M. H. Lev, and G. Bonmassar, “Intracranial hemorrhage alters scalp potential distribution in bioimpedance cerebral monitoring: Preliminary results from FEM simulation on a realistic head model and human subjects,” Medical Physics, vol. 43, no. 2, pp. 675–686, Jan. 2016. [Online]. doi: 10.1118/1.4939256.

R. Li, J. Gao, Y. Li, J. Wu, and Z. Zhao, “Preliminary Study of Assessing Bladder Urinary Volume Using Electrical Impedance Tomography,” Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering, vol. 36, no. 1. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 71–79, 2016. [Online]. doi: 10.1007/s40846-016-0108-1.

T. Schlebusch et al., “Impedance ratio method for urine conductivity-invariant estimation of bladder volume,” Journal of Electrical Bioimpedance, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 48–54, Sep. 2014. [Online]. doi: 10.5617/jeb.895.

T. Schlebusch and S. Leonhardt, “Effect of electrode arrangements on bladder volume esti-mation by electrical impedance tomography,” Journal of Physics: Conference Series, vol. 434, no. 1. 2013. [Online]. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/434/1/012080.

A. Ron, S. Abboud, and M. Arad, “Home monitoring of bone density in the wrist—a parame-tric EIT computer modeling study,” Biomedical Physics & Engineering Express, vol. 2, no. 3, p. 035002, Apr. 2016. [Online]. doi: 10.1088/2057-1976/2/3/035002.

A. Nishida et al., “A new method for the estimation of age at death by using electrical impe-dance: A preliminary study,” Legal Medicine, vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 560–568, Nov. 2015. [Online]. doi: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2015.07.003.

Y. Zeng, L. Xu, Z. Cao, and S. Ma, “FPGA-based implementation of Prony demodulation in the multi-frequency EIT system,” Conference Record - IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, pp. 548–552, 2011. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/IMTC.2011.5944251.

T. K. Bera and J. Nagaraju, “Studying the surface electrode switching of a sixteen electrode EIT system using a LabVIEW-based electrode switching module (LV-ESM),” in International Conference on Circuits, Communication, Control and Computing, 2014, no. November, pp. 122–127. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/CIMCA.2014.7057772.

S. Ping and H. Jiang, “Design of electrical Impedance Tomography system based on layer stripping process,” vol. 329. pp. 392–396, 2013. [Online]. doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.329.392.

P. O. Gaggero, A. Adler, J. Brunner, and P. Seitz, “Electrical impedance tomography system based on active electrodes,” vol. 831. 2012. [Online]. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/33/5/831.

J. Bordes, C. Mazzeo, P. Goutorbe, K. Wade, and E. Kaiser, “Visualisation des variations du volume pulmonaire de fin d’expiration au cours d’une anesth{é}sie g{é}n{é}rale par tomogra-phie d’imp{é}dance {é}lectrique,” Annales Fran{ç}aises d’Anesth{é}sie et de R{é}animation, vol. 33, no. 3. pp. 193–195, 2014.

M. Guermandi, R. Cardu, E. Franchi, and R. Guerrieri, “Active electrode IC combining EEG, electrical impedance tomography, continuous contact impedance measurement and power supply on a single wire,” European Solid-State Circuits Conference. pp. 335–338, 2011. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/ESSCIRC.2011.6044975.

J. S. Isaac and R. Kulkarni, “Super resolution techniques for medical image processing,” in 2015 International Conference on Technologies for Sustainable Development (ICTSD), 2015, pp. 1–6. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/ICTSD.2015.7095900.

M. Khalighi, B. Vosoughi Vahdat, M. Mortazavi, and A. M. Mikaeili, “Design and Implementation of Precise Hardware for Electrical Impedance Tomography (Eit),” Transactions of Electrical Engineering, vol. 38, no. E1. pp. 1–20, 2014. [Online]. doi: 10.1007/s00101-007-1273-y.

H. Fujita et al., “Medical image processing and computer-aided detection/diagnosis (CAD),” Computerized Healthcare (ICCH), 2012 International Conference on. pp. 66–71, 2012. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/ICCH.2012.6724473.

Hun Wi, H. Sohal, A. L. McEwan, Eung Je Woo, and Tong In Oh, “Multi-Frequency Electrical Impedance Tomography System With Automatic Self-Calibration for Long-Term Monitoring,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 119–128, Feb. 2014. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/TBCAS.2013.2256785.

A. McEwan, G. Cusick, and D. S. Holder, “A review of errors in multi-frequency EIT instrumen-tation,” Physiological Measurement, vol. 28, no. 7, pp. S197–S215, Jul. 2007. [Online]. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/28/7/S15.

O. Luppi Silva, R. Gonzalez Lima, T. Castro Martins, F. Silva de Moura, R. Seiji Tavares, and M. Sales Guerra Tsuzuki, “Influence of current injection pattern and electric potential measure-ment strategies in electrical impedance tomography,” Control Engineering Practice. Elsevier, pp. 1–11, 2016. [Online]. doi: 10.1016/j.conengprac.2016.03.003.

S. Khan, A. Borsic, P. Manwaring, A. Hartov, and R. Halter, “FPGA Based High Speed Data Acquisition System for Electrical Impedance Tomography.,” Journal of physics. Conference series, vol. 434, no. 1. p. 012081, 2013. [Online]. doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/434/1/012081.

Z. Zhang, F. Dong, and C. Xu, “Data acquisition system based on CompactPCI bus and FPGA for electrical resistance tomography,” in 2011 Chinese Control and Decision Conference (CCDC), 2011, pp. 3538–3543. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/CCDC.2011.5968731.

H. Wi, H. Sohal, A. L. McEwan, E. J. Woo, and T. I. Oh, “Multi-frequency electrical impedan-ce tomography system with automatic self-calibration for long-term monitoring,” IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 119–128, 2014. [Online]. doi:10.1109/TBCAS.2013.2256785.

I. Kukharenko and V. Kotovskyi, “Low power bioimpedance tracking system for stress and acti-vity monitoring,” in 2017 IEEE 37th International Conference on Electronics and Nanotechnology (ELNANO), 2017, pp. 288–291. [Online]. doi: 10.1109/ELNANO.2017.7939764.

V. Chitturi and N. Farrukh, “A Low Cost Electrical Impedance Tomography ( EIT ) for Pulmonary Disease Modelling and Diagnosis .,” Name: The Second International Conference on Technological Advances in Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (TAEECE2014), no. March 2014, pp. 83–89, 2014.

[1]

F. A. Escobar Revelo, V. H. . Mosquera Leyton, and C. F. . Rengifo Rodas, “Tomografía de impedancia eléctrica: fundamentos de hardware y aplicaciones médicas”, ing. Solidar, vol. 16, no. 3, Sep. 2020, doi: 10.16925/2357-6014.2020.03.02.

Descargar cita

Derechos de autor 2020 Ingeniería Solidaria

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución 4.0.

Compromiso ético y cesión de derechos

El autor debe declarar que su trabajo es original e inédito y que no se ha postulado a evaluación simultánea para su publicación por otro medio. Además, debe asegurar que no tiene impedimentos de ninguna naturaleza para la concesión de los derechos previstos en el contrato.

El autor se compromete a esperar el resultado de evaluación de la revista Ingeniería Solidaria, antes de considerar su presentación a otro medio; en caso de que la respuesta de publicación sea positiva, adicionalmente, se compromete a responder por cualquier acción de reivindicación, plagio u otra clase de reclamación que al respecto pudiera sobrevenir por parte de terceros.

Asimismo, debe declarar que, como autor o coautor, está de acuerdo por completo con los contenidos presentados en el trabajo y ceder todos los derechos patrimoniales, es decir, su reproducción, comunicación pública, distribución, divulgación, transformación, puesta a disposición y demás formas de utilización de la obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, por el término de su protección legal y en todos los países del mundo, al Fondo Editorial de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, de manera gratuita y sin contraprestación presente o futura.

Número

Vol. 16 Núm. 3 (2020)

Publicado

2020-09-02

Descargas

PDF (Inglés)

Cómo citar

[1]

Descargar cita

Métricas

##plugins.generic.paperbuzz.sourceName.fileDownloads##

758

https://plu.mx/plum/a/?doi=10.16925/2357-6014.2020.03.02