Point-Of-Care Testing : The Ultrasonographic Evaluation of Non-Pregnant and Early Pregnant Mares
Canadian Veterinary Hospital
المستشفى البيطري الكندي, Arab league Street and Jelaiah, P.O. Box 209341, Doha, Qatar.
email: jeff.mp@outlook.com
Introduction: The ultrasonographic evaluation of the reproductive tract in mares is one of the most reliable procedures for the diagnosis and monitoring of pregnancy. This tool has the ability to predict the potential impact that some diseases have on the quality and reproductive health of mares.
Objective: To describe an appropriate approach to recognize the points of care testing in the ultrasonographic evaluation of pregnant and non-pregnant mares.
Method of characterization: The POC (Point-of-Care Testing) are a series of criteria designed to provide quick results allowing a relative autonomy by the observer.
Discussion: By definition, a POC test must be available for use by the patient and with the versatility of obtaining useful results for clinical decision making immediately.
Conclusion: The importance of ultrasound in the gynecological and obstetric evaluation of the mare, highlights the importance of considering the points of attention of the test in the ultrasonographic examination of the reproductive system of the mares.
Allen WE, Goddard PJ. Serial investigations of early pregnancy in pony mares using real time ultrasound scanning. Equine Vet J. 1984 Nov; 16(6):509-14. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1984.tb02002.x
Diel de Amorim M, Nairn D, Manning S, Dedden I, Ripley E, Nielsen K, Card C. Evaluation of diagnostic utility, safety considerations, and effect on fertility of transvaginal ultrasound-guided ovarian biopsy in mares. Theriogenology. 2016 Apr 1; 85(6):1030-6. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2015.11.013
Kotoyori Y, Yokoo N, Ito K, Murase H, Sato F, Korosue K, Nambo Y. Three-dimensional ultrasound imaging of the equine fetus. Theriogenology. 2012 Apr 15; 77(7):1480-6. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.10.020
Ramirez S, Sedrish SA, Paccamonti DL, French DD. Ultrasound as an aid for diagnosis of ovarian abscesses in two mares. Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 1999 Mar-Apr; 40(2):165-8. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1740-8261.1999.tb01903.x
Ginther OJ. How ultrasound technologies have expanded and revolutionized research in reproduction in large animals. Theriogenology2014 Jan 1; 81(1):112-25. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.09.007
Cuervo-Arango J, Newcombe JR. Ultrasound confirmation of ovulation in mares: a normal corpus luteum or a haemorrhagic anovulatory follicle? Reprod Domest Anim. 2013 Feb; 48(1):105-11. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2012.02039.x
Cross DT, Ginther OJ. Uterine contractions in nonpregnant and early pregnant mares and jennies as determined by ultrasonography. J Anim Sci1988 Jan; 66(1):250-4. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2527/jas1988.661250x
Ousey JC, Kolling M, Newton R, Wright M, Allen WR. Uterine haemodynamics in young and aged pregnant mares measured using Doppler ultrasonography. Equine Vet J Suppl. 2012 Feb(41):15-21.
van Staa TP, Dyson L, McCann G, Padmanabhan S, Belatri R, Goldacre B, Cassell J, Pirmohamed M, Torgerson D, Ronaldson S, Adamson J, Taweel A, Delaney B, Mahmood S, Baracaia S, Round T, Fox R, Hunter T, Gulliford M, Smeeth L. The opportunities and challenges of pragmatic point-of-care randomised trials using routinely collected electronic records: evaluations of two exemplar trials. Health technology assessment (Winchester, England). 2014 Jul;18(43):1-146. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.3310/hta18430
Price CP. Point of care testing. BMJ (Clinical research ed)2001 May 26;322(7297):1285-8 Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7297.1285
Yager P, Domingo GJ, Gerdes J. Point-of-care diagnostics for global health. Annu Rev Biomed Eng.. 2008; 10:107-44. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bioeng.10.061807.160524
Hampton KK, Vasios WN, 3rd, Loos PE. SOLCUS: Update On Point-of-Care Ultrasound In Special Operations Medicine. J Spec Oper Med. 2016 Spring; 16(1):58-61.
St John A, Price CP. Economic Evidence and Point-of-Care Testing. Clin Biochem Rev. 2013 Aug; 34(2):61-74.
Samper JC. Equine breeding management and artificial insemination: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2009.
Ginther O, Utt MD. Doppler ultrasound in equine reproduction: principles, techniques, and potential. J Equine Vet Sci. 2004; 24(12):516-26. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2004.11.005
Pycock J, Samper JC, McKinnon AO. Current therapy in equine reproduction: Elsevier Health Sciences; 2006.
Schonbom H, Kassens A, Hopster-Iversen C, Klewitz J, Piechotta M, Martinsson G, Kißler A, Burger D, Sieme H. Influence of transrectal and transabdominal ultrasound examination on salivary cortisol, heart rate, and heart rate variability in mares. Theriogenology. 2015 Mar 1; 83(4):749-56. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.11.010
Hendriks WK, Colenbrander B, van der Weijden GC, Stout TA. Maternal age and parity influence ultrasonographic measurements of fetal growth in Dutch Warmblood mares. Anim Reprod Sci. 2009 Oct; 115(1-4):110-23. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anireprosci.2008.12.014
Paolucci M, Palombi C, Sylla L, Stradaioli G, Monaci M. Ultrasonographic features of the mule embryo, fetus and fetal-placental unit. Theriogenology. 2012 Jan 15;77(2):240-52. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.07.030
Vogelsang MM, Vogelsang SG, Lindsey BR, Massey JM. Reproductive performance in mares subjected to examination by diagnostic ultrasound. Theriogenology. 1989 Jul; 32(1):95-103. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(89)90525-6
Maclellan LJ, Carnevale EM, Coutinho da Silva MA, Scoggin CF, Bruemmer JE, Squires EL. Pregnancies from vitrified equine oocytes collected from super-stimulated and non-stimulated mares. Theriogenology. 2002 Sep; 58(5):911-9. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(02)00920-2
Gastal EL, Kot K, Ginther OJ. Ultrasound-guided intrafollicular treatment in mares. Theriogenology. 1995 Nov; 44(7):1027-37. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/0093-691X(95)00289-K
Raggio I, Lefebvre RC, Poitras P, Vaillancourt D, Goff AK. Twin pregnancy experimental model for transvaginal ultrasound-guided twin reduction in mares. Can Vet J. 2008 Nov; 49(11):1093-8.
Weber JA, Causey RC, Emmans EE. Induction of luteolysis in mares by ultrasound-guided intraluteal treatment with PGF2alpha. Theriogenology2001 Jun 1; 55(9):1769-76. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0093-691X(01)00519-2
Vanderwall DK, Hyde KJ, Woods GL. Effect of repeated transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration on fertility in mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2006 Jan 15; 228(2):248-50. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.228.2.248
Ball BA. Embryonic loss in mares. Incidence, possible causes, and diagnostic considerations. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 1988 Aug; 4(2):263-90. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0749-0739(17)30641-7
Schmidt AR, Williams MA, Carleton CL, Darien BJ, Derksen FJ. Evaluation of transabdominal ultrasound-guided amniocentesis in the late gestational mare. Equine Vet J. 1991 Jul; 23(4):261-5. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-3306.1991.tb03714.x
Mari G, Iacono E, Merlo B, Castagnetti C. Reduction of twin pregnancy in the mare by transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration. Reprod Domest Anim. 2004 Dec; 39(6):434-7. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2004.00536.x
Klewitz J, Krekeler N, Ortgies F, Heberling A, Linke C, Sieme H. Evaluation of pregnancy and foaling rates after reduction of twin pregnancy via transvaginal ultrasound-guided aspiration in mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2013 Feb 15; 242(4):527-32. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.2460/javma.242.4.527
Sharma S, Davies Morel MC, Dhaliwal GS, Dadarwal D. The pattern of embryonic fixation and its relationship to pregnancy loss in thoroughbred mares. Reprod Domest Anim. 2010 Oct; 45(5):e61-7. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0531.2009.01523.x
Rasbech NO, Koefoed-Johnsen HH, Holm G. [Pregnancy diagnosis in thoroughbred mares using radioimmunoassay (RIA), enzyme immunoassay (kit) and ultrasound echography (scanning)]. Nord Vet Med. 1986 Nov-Dec; 38(6):370-7.
Vanderwall DK, Squires EL, Brinsko SP, McCue PM. Diagnosis and management of abnormal embryonic development characterized by formation of an embryonic vesicle without an embryo in mares. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 2000 Jul 1;217(1):58-63.
Kelley D, LeBlanc MM, Warren LK, Mortensen CJ. Influence of L-arginine supplementation on reproductive blood flow and embryo recovery rates in mares. Theriogenology. 2014 Mar 15; 81(5):752-7. Disponible en: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2013.12.012
En calidad de autor del artículo, declaro que este, es un trabajo original, inédito, de mi creación exclusiva, que no se ha postulado a evaluación simultánea en otra publicación y que no cuenta con algún impedimento de cualquier naturaleza para la concesión de los derechos previstos en este contrato.
En ese sentido, me comprometo a esperar un resultado de evaluación de la revista, antes de considerar su presentación a otro medio, en caso de que la respuesta de publicación no sea positiva; adicionalmente, me comprometo a responder por cualquier acción de reivindicación, plagio u otra clase de reclamación que al respecto pudiera sobrevivir por parte de terceros.
Asimismo, declaro que como autor o coautor, estoy de acuerdo por completo con los contenidos presentados en este trabajo y cedo todos los derechos patrimoniales, es decir, la reproducción, comunicación pública, distribución, divulgación, transformación, puesta a disposición y demás formas de explotación de la obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, a la revista y a la Editorial de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia.