Uma análise da relação entre julgamento moral, racismo e ativismo

Paula Zini Moreira Aresi; Pollyana de Lucena Moreira

doi:10.16925/2382-3984.2022.02.02

An analysis of the relationship between moral judgment, racism,and activism

Original Research Articles

https://doi.org/10.16925/2382-3984.2022.02.02

Paula Zini Moreira Aresi Ver Biografía

Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo

Pollyana de Lucena Moreira Ver Biografía

Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo

This research, which has a quantitative design, sought to investigate the relationship between moral judgment and political action to reduce prejudice in society, emphasizing political activism and modern racism. It started from the idea that moral judgment is linked to the conceptions that people have about social reality and about their distinct groups, and that such conceptions can affect the way people act politically, or their intention to act. A total of 130 Brazilians participated in this research, who answered an online form with measures that aimed to assess moral judgment, modern racism, political ideology, willingness to take actions to reduce prejudice and promote diversity, and the intention to engage in political action in the form of activism. Data were analyzed using IBM SPSS and it was found that conventional moral judgment was related to political conservatism, with a higher rate of racism and a lower willingness to engage in political actions aimed at reducing prejudice and promoting diversity, and with a lower intention of engaging in activist actions, even those aimed at defending the group itself. Based on the results, it can be concluded that qualitatively different forms of moral judgment, at the level of individual thinking, are associated with qualitatively different ways of thinking about society and acting in it.

Keywords: Activism, political ideology, morality, racism

Barnett, M. D., Maciel, I. V., & Sligar, K. B. (2020). Moral Foundations, Sexual Prejudice, and Outness Among Sexual Minorities. Sexuality & Culture, 24, 1387–1396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12119-019-09689-1

Barnett, M. D., Öz, H., & Marsden, A. D. (2018). Economic and Social Political Ideology and Homophobia: The Mediating Role of Binding and Individualizing Moral Foundations. Archives of sexual behavior, 47(4), 1183–1194. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-0989-2

Blasi, A. (1980). Bridging moral cognition and moral action: a critical review of the literature. Psychological Bulletin, 88(1), 1-45. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.88.1.1

Camino, C. P. S., & Luna, V. (1989). Reformulação e Adaptação do Defining Issues Test (DIT). Congresso Interamericano de Psicologia, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 22.

Candee, D. (1976). Structure and choice in moral reasoning. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34(6), 1293-1301. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.34.6.1293

Candee, D., & Kohlberg, L. (1987). Moral Judgment and Moral Action: A Reanalysis of Haan, Smith, and Block’s (1968) Free Speech Movement Data. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52(3), 554-564. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.52.3.554

Chambers, J. R., Schlenker, B. R., & Collisson, B. (2012). Ideology and Prejudice: The Role of Value Conflicts. Psychological Science, 24(2) 140-149. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797612447820

Curtin, N., Kende, A., & Kende, J. (2016). Navigating Multiple Identities: The Simultaneous Influence of Advantaged and Disadvantaged Identities on Politicization and Activism. Journal of Social Issues, 72(2), 264-285. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12166

Curtin, N., & McGarty, C. (2016). Expanding on Psychological Theories of Engagement to Understand Activism in Context(s). Journal of Social Issues, 72(2), 227-241. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12164

Dalmonte, E., & Dibai, P. (2019). A direita radical “bolsonarista”: da aporofobia à defesa da memória de regimes de exceção. Idées d’Amériques, (14). https://doi.org/10.4000/ideas.6895

Damon, W., & Colby, A. (2015). The power of ideals: The real story of moral choice. New York: Oxford University Press.

Decreto-lei n. 2.848, de 7 de dezembro de 1940. Artigo 140, Código Penal. Recuperado de https://www.tjdft.jus.br/institucional/imprensa/campanhas-e-produtos/direito-facil/edicao-semanal/injuria-racial

Dixon, J., Durrheim, K., Stevenson, C., & Huseyin, C. (2016). From prejudice reduction to collective action: Two psychological models of social change (and how to reconcile them). In C. G. Sibley and F. K. Barlow (Eds). Cambridge Handbook of the Psychology of Prejudice (pp. 481–499). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Evans, G., Heath, A., & Lalljee, M. (1996). Measuring left-right and libertarian authoritarian values in the British electorate. British Journal of Social Psychology, 47(1), 93–113. http://doi.org/10.2307/591118

Fishkin, J., Keniston, K., & MacKinnon, C. (1973). Moral reasoning and political ideology. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 27(1), 109-119. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0034434

Freeden, M. (1994). Political Concepts and Ideological Morphology. The Journal of Political Philosophy, 2(2), 140–164. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9760.1994.tb00019.x

Gerson, M. W., & Neilson, L. (2014). The Importance of Identity Development, Principled Moral Reasoning, and Empathy as Predictors of Openness to Diversity in Emerging Adults. SAGE Open, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014553584

Gloria Filho, M., & Modesto, J. G. (2019). Morality, Activism and Radicalism in the Brazilian Left and the Brazilian Right. Trends in Psychology, 27(3), 763-777. https://doi.org/10.9788/TP2019.3-12

Glover, R. J. (1994). Using moral and epistemological reasoning as predictors of prejudice. The Journal of Social Psychology, 134(5), 633–640. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224545.1994.9922993

Hoyt, C. L., Morgenroth, T., & Burnette, J. L. (2019). Understanding sexual prejudice: The role of political ideology and strategic essentialism. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 49(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12560

Jost, J. T. (2021). Left and Right: The Psychological Significance of a Political Distinction. Oxford University Press.

Jost, J. T., Nosek, B. A., & Gosling, S. D. (2008). Ideology: its resurgence in social, personality, and political psychology. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(2), 126-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6916.2008.00070.x

Kohlberg, L. (1984). Essays on Moral Development (Vol. 2: The Psychology of Moral Development.). San Francisco: Harper & Row.

Kohlberg, L., & Candee, D. (1984). The Relationship of Moral Judgment to Moral Action. In L. Kohlberg. Esssays on Moral Development (vol. 2). The Psychology of Moral Development, pp. 498-581). New York: Haper & Row.

Lei n. 7.716, de 5 de janeiro de 1989. Define os crimes resultantes de preconceito de raça ou de cor. Recuperado de http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/l7716.htm

Lima, M. E. O. (2020). Psicologia social do preconceito e do racismo. São Paulo: Blucher.

Lima, M. E. O., & Vala, J. (2004). As novas formas de expressão do preconceito e do racismo. Estudos de psicologia (Natal), 9, 401-411. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-294X2004000300002

McConahay, J. B., Hardee, B. B., & Batts, V. (1981). Has racism declined in America? It depends on who is asking and what is asked. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 25, 563-579. https://doi.org/10.1177/002200278102500401

McFarland, S. (2010). Authoritarianism, Social Dominance, and Other Roots of Generalized Prejudice. Political Psychology, 31(3), 453-47. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2010.00765.x

Monroe, A. E., & Plant, E. A. (2019). The dark side of morality: Prioritizing sanctity over care motivates denial of mind and prejudice toward sexual outgroups. Journal of experimental psychology, 148(2), 342–360. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000537

Moreira, P. L. (2017). O Julgamento Moral e a Construção da Ação Política (Tese de doutorado). Universidade Federal da Paraíba, João Pessoa - PB, Brasil.

Moreira, P. L., Rique Neto, J., Sabucedo, J. M., & Camino, C. P. S. (2018). Moral Judgment, political ideology, and collective action. Scadinavian Journal of Psychology, 59, 610-620. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12479

Moreira, P. L., & Rique, J. (2019). Julgamento moral e posicionamento político-ideológico de jovens brasileiros. Arquivos Brasileiros de Psicologia, 71(1), 54-67. https://dx.doi.org/10.36482/1809-5267.ARBP2019v71i1p.54-67

Moskalenko, S., & McCauley, C. (2009). Measuring Political Mobilization: The Distinction Between Activism and Radicalism. Terrorism and Political Violence, 21(2), 239–260. https://doi.org/10.1080/09546550902765508

Muhlberger, P. (2000). Moral Reasoning Effects on Political Participation. Political Psychology, 21(4), 667–695. http://www.jstor.org/stable/3792026

Nagda, B. A., Kim, C. W., & Truelove, Y. (2004). Learning about difference, learning with others, learning to transgress. Journal of Social Issues, 60(1), 195-214. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-4537.2004.00106.x

Narvaez, D., Getz, I., Rest, J. R., & Thoma, S. J. (1999). Individual moral judgment and cultural ideologies. Developmental psychology, 35(2), 478–488. https://doi.org/10.1037//0012-1649.35.2.478

Nassi, A. J., Abramowitz, S. I., & Youmans, J. E. (1983). Moral development and politics a decade later: A replication and extension. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 45(5), 1127–1135. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.45.5.1127

Ostrove, J. M., & Brown, K. T. (2018). Are allies who we think they are?: A comparative analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 48(4), 195–204. https://doi.org/10.1111/jasp.12502

Pereira, C., Torres, A. R. R., & Almeida, S. T. (2003). Um Estudo do Preconceito na Perspectiva das Representações Sociais: análise da influência de um discurso justificador da discriminação no preconceito racial. Psicologia: Reflexão e Crítica, 16(1), 95-107. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-79722003000100010

Piaget, J. (1965). Sociological Studies. New York: Routledge.

Posada, C. V., & Vargas-Trujillo, E. (2015). Moral Reasoning and Personal Behavior: A Meta-Analytical Review. Review of General Psychology, 19(4), 408-424. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000053

Rest, J., Cooper, D., Coder, R., Masanz, J., & Anderson, D. (1974). Judging the Important Issues in Moral Dilemmas: an objective measure of development. Developmental Psychology, 10(4), 491-501. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036598

Rique, J., & Camino, C. (1997). Consistency and inconsistency in adolescents’ moral reasoning. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 21(4), 813-836. https://doi.org/10.1080/016502597384686

Rocha, A. P., Lima, R. D. C. C., & Ferrugem, D. (2021). Autoritarismo e guerra às drogas: violência do racismo estrutural e religioso. Revista Katálysis, 24, 157-167. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0259.2021.e75331

Rosenberg, S. (1988). Reason, Ideology and Politics. Abingdon, Oxon: Polity Press.

Russell, G. M. (2011). Motives of heterosexual allies in collective action for equality. Journal of Social Issues, 67(2), 376–393. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.2011.01703.x

Russell, G. M., & Bohan, J. S. (2016). Institutional allyship for LGBT equality: Underlying processes and potentials for change. Journal of Social Issues, 72(2), 335–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12169

Santos, W. S., Gouveia, V. V., Navas, M. S., Pimentel, C. E, & Gusmão, E. E. S. (2006). Escala de Racismo Moderno: adaptação ao contexto brasileiro. Psicologia em Estudo, 11(3), 637-645. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1413-73722006000300020

Sears, D. O., & Henry, P. J. (2003). The origins of symbolic racism. Journal of personality and social psychology, 85(2), 259–275. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.85.2.259

Souza, C. L. S. (2020). Racismo, conservadorismo e Serviço Social. Libertas, 20(2), 373-391.

Terrizzi, J. A., Jr., Shook, N. J., & Ventis, W. L. (2010). Disgust: A predictor of social conservatism and prejudicial attitudes toward homosexuals. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(6), 587-592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.05.024

Thomas, E., McGarty, C., & Mavor, K. (2009). Aligning Identities, Emotions, and Beliefs to Create Commitment to Sustainable Social and Political Action. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(3), 194-218. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868309341563

van Hiel, A. (2012). A psycho-political profile of party activists and left-wing and right-wing extremists. European Journal of Political Research, 51(2), 166-203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2011.01991.x

van Zomeren, M. (2016). Building a Tower of Babel? Integrating core motivations and features of social structure into the political psychology of political action. Political Psychology, 37, 87-114. https://doi.org/10.1111/pops.12322

van Zomeren, M. (2015). Collective action as relational interaction: A new relational hypothesis on how non-activists become activists. New Ideas in Psychology, 39, 1-11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2015.04.001

van Zomeren, M., Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (2008). Toward an integrative social identity model of collective action: a quantitative research synthesis of three socio-psychological perspectives. Psychological Bulletin, 134(4), 504–535. http://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.134.4.504

van Zomeren, M., Postmes, T., & Spears, R. (2012). On conviction’s collective consequences: Integrating moral conviction with the social identity model of collective action. British Journal of Social Psychology, 51, 52–71. http://doi.org10.1111/j.2044-8309.2010.02000.x

Vecchione, M. et al. (2015). Personal values and political activism: a cross-national study. British Journal of Psychology, 106(1), 84-106. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12067

Wetherell, G. A., Brandt, M. J, & Reyna, C. (2013). Discrimination Across the Ideological Divide: The Role of Value Violations and Abstract Values in Discrimination by Liberals and Conservatives. Social Psychological and Personality Science 4(6), 658-667. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613476096

Zini Moreira Aresi, P., & de Lucena Moreira, P. (2023). An analysis of the relationship between moral judgment, racism,and activism. Pensando Psicología, 18(2), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.16925/2382-3984.2022.02.02

Download Citation

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

As the author of the article, I declare that is an original unpublished work exclusively created by me, that it has not been submitted for simultaneous evaluation by another publication and that there is no impediment of any kind for concession of the rights provided for in this contract.

In this sense, I am committed to await the result of the evaluation by the journal Pensando Psicología before considering its submission to another medium; in case the response by that publication is positive, additionally, I am committed to respond for any action involving claims, plagiarism or any other kind of claim that could be made by third parties.

At the same time, as the author or co-author, I declare that I am completely in agreement with the conditions presented in this work and that I cede all patrimonial rights, in other words, regarding reproduction, public communication, distribution, dissemination, transformation, making it available and all forms of exploitation of the work using any medium or procedure, during the term of the legal protection of the work and in every country in the world, to the Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia Press.

Issue

Vol. 18 No. 2 (2022)

Published

2023-07-10

Downloads

PDF (Portuguese)

Metrics

Metrics Loading ...

https://plu.mx/plum/a/?doi=10.16925/2382-3984.2022.02.02