Design and evaluation of a sensor network for medical monitoring in areas of difficult access
Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Computer Systems Engineering Faculty, Professor.
email: yarisol.castillo@utp.ac.pa
Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Member of the Research Group on Emerging Computer Technologies.
email: amilkar.saavedra@utp.ac.pa
Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Computer Systems Engineering Faculty, Professor. Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá, Coordinator of the Research Group on Emerging Computer Technologies
email: vladimir.villarreal@utp.ac.pa
Introduction: This article is the result of the research "Framework for the implementation of IPv6 using 6LoWPAN in sensor networks to facilitate the monitoring and control of people with dependency needs" developed at the Universidad Tecnológica de Panamá in the year 2019-2020.
Problem: The medical care of patients in rural areas of Panama is a priority, they need a constant follow-up and monitoring of their illness, there is no system that allows medical personnel to keep a continuous control.
Objective: The research proposes the development of a system with electronic devices using low power networks, which allows patients to send their clinical data to a central server, storing them and later a doctor can make an evaluation of the disease to keep a control, follow up and monitoring of the patients that reside in areas of difficult access.
Methodology: For the design and progressive development of the system, the use of the incremental methodology is proposed.
Results: Once developed both the hardware and the software, we tested the model in different scenarios recording measurements for pulse at different distances.
Conclusion: The implementation of a low-cost system offers the possibility to patients, who do not have access to regular health services, to have a better control and recommendations from the doctor.
Originality: Some similar systems have been developed, but not all of them contemplate security aspects for the handling of sensitive and delicate data.
Limitations: The maximum distance allowed is 60 meters at the time of testing the data.
T. Torres Fernández, L. Guerra Giménez, A. Ordás González, O. Salas San Juan, and L. M. Sánchez Padilla, “Desarrollo científico y tecnológico. Su impacto en la Atención primaria de salud / Scientific and technological development Its impact on Primary Health Care,” Panorama. Cuba y Salud; Volumen 13, Número 3 (36), pp. 91-96, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://revpanorama.sld.cu/index.php/panorama/article/view/834 [Accessed: 01-Jul-2020].
Organización Mundial de la Salud, “Equipos de la OMS asisten a la población en zonas de difícil acceso de Nigeria,” https://www.who.int/, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/es/news-room/feature-stories/detail/who-teams-assist-people-in-hard-to-reach-areas-of-nigeria [Accessed: 25-Jul-2020].
PAHO, “Access to comprehensive, equitable, and quality health services,” Ops/Oms, 2017, pp. 1-10. [Online]. Available: https://www.paho.org/salud-en-las-americas-2017/?p=43 [Accessed: 23-Jul-2020].
Ministerio de Salud, “MINSA prioriza la salud en áreas indígenas y de difícil acceso. Ministerio de Salud de la República de Panamá,” 2020-01-08, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.minsa.gob.pa/noticia/minsa-prioriza-la-salud-en-areas-indigenas-y-de-dificil-acceso [Accessed: 26-Jul-2020].
N. Kushalnagar, G. Montenegro, and C. Schumacher, “IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPANs): Overview, Assumptions, Problem Statement, and Goals,” pp. 1-12, 2007. [Online]. doi: https://doi.org/10.17487/rfc4919
Mukhdeep Singh Manshahia, “Wireless Sensor Network: A Survey,” International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 710-716, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320385994_Wireless_Sensor_Networks_A_Survey [Accessed: 02-Jun-2020].
IEEE Computer Society, “IEEE Std 802.15.4TM-2006 (Revision of IEEE Std 802.15.4-2003) Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks,” pp. 13-24, 2006. [Online]. Available: https://www.di.univr.it/documenti/OccorrenzaIns/matdid/matdid273763.pdf [Accessed: 26-Jul-2020].
W. R. Ruiz Sánchez, “Redes de sensores inalámbricos enfocadas a la medicina con énfasis en control de los signos vitales en pacientes adultos mayores,” Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador PUCE, pp. 29-40, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://repositorio.puce.edu.ec/handle/22000/11311 [Accessed: 20-Jun-2020].
The Apache Software Foundation, “NetBeans,” 2020. [Online]. Available: www.netbeans.org [Accessed: 12-Jul-2020].
J. M. Alarcón López, Álvaro Hernán; Arias Vargas, Geyni; Llanos Mosquera, “Sistema de medición de temperatura corporal a través de dispositivos móviles para monitorear niveles de fiebre en niños entre los 0 y 5 años en la ciudad de Neiva Body temperature measurement system through mobile devices to monitor fever levels in children,” Memorias Congr. UTP, vol. 1, no. September, pp. 21–27, 2018.
Y. R. Baque Quimis and K. F. Tomala Cantos, “Prototipo de una red de sensores inalámbricos para el monitoreo de hipertensión con pacientes en estado de gestación,” Universidad de Guayaquil, pp. 3-10, 2018. [Online]. Available: https://repositorio.ug.edu.ec/handle/redug/33824. [Accessed: 15-Jun-2020].
R. Yauri Rodríguez, “Implementación de una Red inalámbrica de sensores para el monitoreo remoto de variables fisiológicas en pacientes ambulatorios,” Universidad Nacional del Callao, pp. 11-20, 2018. [Online]. Available: http://repositorio.unac.edu.pe/handle/UNAC/2816.
V. Villarreal Contreras and M. I. Nielsen Pimentel, “Implementación de una aplicación móvil para facilitar el autocontrol de la hipertensión en Panamá,” Ing. Solidar., vol. 14, no. 24, pp. 1–12, 2018. [Online]. doi: https://doi.org/10.16925/in.v14i24.2156
M. Samudio y V. Villarreal, “AmIHEALTH: Plataforma web para el seguimiento y control de pacientes con problemas de hipertensión arterial en Panamá,” in Memorias De Congresos UTP, 2017, pp. 28–34.
G. P. Guano, D. Alulema, and E. V. Carrera, “A portable electronic system for health monitoring of elderly people,” in IEEE Colombian Conference on Communications and Computing, COLCOM 2015 - Conference Proceedings, pp. 1–6, 2015. [Online]. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/COLCOMCON.2015.7152091
OBS Bussiness School, “Características y fases del modelo incremental,” 2020. [Online]. Available: https://obsbusiness.school/int/blog-project-management/metodologias-agiles/caracteristicas-y-fases-del-modelo-incremental. [Accessed: 28-Jul-2020].
S. Deering and R. Hinden, “Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification, pp. 4-11, 2017. [Online]. doi: https://doi.org/10.17487/RFC8200
I. P. S. Benítez, G. A. Méndez, N. M. A. Salazar, D. C. Burbano, and C. I. U. Guirales, “Análisis comparativo de los Protocolos IPV6 e IPV4,” Ingeniería Solidaria, pp. 1-12, 2010. [Online]. Available: https://revistas.ucc.edu.co/index.php/in/article/view/465
S. N. Han, Q. H. Cao, B. Alinia, and N. Crespi, “Design, implementation, and evaluation of 6LoWPAN for home and building automation in the Internet of Things,” in Proceedings of IEEE/ACS 12th International Conference of Computer Systems and Applications, AICCSA, 2015, pp. 1–8. [Online]. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/AICCSA.2015.7507264
J. Postel, “Transmission control protocol specification,” Request for Comments, 1981, pp. 7-15. [Online]. doi: https://doi.org/10.17487/rfc0793
J. Postel, “RFC 768 User Datagram Protocol - DARPA Internet Program, Protocol Specification,” 1980, pp. 1-3. [Online]. doi: https://doi.org/10.17487/RFC0768
Z. Shelby, K. Hartke, and C. Bormann, “The Constrained Application Protocol (CoAP),” Jun. 2014, pp. 10-20. [Online]. doi: https://doi.org/10.17487/RFC7252
XBEE.cl, “XBee ZB S2C TH - Comunicación Inalámbrica para Tus Proyectos,” 2020. [Online]. Available: https://xbee.cl/xbee-zb-s2c-th/ [Accessed: 23-Aug-2020].
C. Lazo, P. Gallardo and S. Céspedes, "A bridge structural health monitoring system supported by the Internet of Things," IEEE Colombian Conference on Communication and Computing, COLCOM 2015 - Conference Proceedings, 2015, pp. 1–6. [Online]. doi: https://doi.org/10.1109/ColComCon.2015.7152094
Digi.com, “XCTU,” 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.digi.com/products/embedded-systems/digi-xbee/digi-xbee-tools/xctu. [Accessed: 02-Aug-2020].
A. Garcia, “Estudio y desarrollo de un equipo interfaz de red inalámbrica (WSN) con red pública basado en plataforma Raspberry Pi,” Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, pp. 12-18, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://hdl.handle.net/10251/74271
Copyright (c) 2020 Ingeniería Solidaria

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Cession of rights and ethical commitment
As the author of the article, I declare that is an original unpublished work exclusively created by me, that it has not been submitted for simultaneous evaluation by another publication and that there is no impediment of any kind for concession of the rights provided for in this contract.
In this sense, I am committed to await the result of the evaluation by the journal Ingeniería Solidaría before considering its submission to another medium; in case the response by that publication is positive, additionally, I am committed to respond for any action involving claims, plagiarism or any other kind of claim that could be made by third parties.
At the same time, as the author or co-author, I declare that I am completely in agreement with the conditions presented in this work and that I cede all patrimonial rights, in other words, regarding reproduction, public communication, distribution, dissemination, transformation, making it available and all forms of exploitation of the work using any medium or procedure, during the term of the legal protection of the work and in every country in the world, to the Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia Press.