Opportunities for crossfertilisation between the shipbuilding industry and the emergent offshore wind energy sector in Colombia : an overview of floating platformtechnologies
Gabriela has a Bsc. in Electrical Engineering from Universidad Tecnologica de Bolivar and an MSc. in Marine Engineering from University College London. She currently works as a Ship Designer at The Science and Technology Corporation for the Development of the Naval, Maritime and Riverine Industries (COTECMAR), Colombia.
email: gsalas@cotecmar.com
Oscar has a BSc. in Electrical Engineering from Universidad Nacional and he is currently working as a Design Assistant at The Science and Technology Corporation for the Development of the Naval, Maritime and Riverine Industries (COTECMAR), Colombia.
email: osanabria@cotecmar.com
Mónica has BSc. in Electrical and Electronics Engineering, also she is a PMP® certified professional. She is currently working as the Head of the Electrical & Electronic Division at The Science and Technology Corporation for the Development of the Naval, Maritime and Riverine Industries (COTECMAR), Colombia.
email: mruiz@cotecmar.com
Introduction: This paper provides a review and analysis of cross-fertilisation opportunities between the ship-building industry in Colombia and the Offshore Wind Energy (OWE) sector.
Problem: In Colombia, offshore wind resources are available, so it is necessary to analyse the potential areas where national shipbuilding industries could take advantage of their knowledge and experience for the devel-opment of OWE projects.
Objective: The study is aimed at identifying the main aspects involved in the design and construction of floating platforms for Offshore Wind Turbines (OWTs) and to examine the restrictions and capabilities of the Colombian shipbuilding industry for their implementation.
Methodology: A review of the technical aspects related to Floating Offshore Wind Turbines (FOWTs) and the in-tegration of shipyards with the OWE value chain was carried out; subsequently, cross-fertilisation
Results: There are multiple areas in which the shipbuilding industry in Colombia could participate in the value chain of the floating offshore wind energy sector in Colombia, taking advantage of the knowledge and experien-ce in topics such as shipbuilding, marine engineering, steelmaking, and construction techniques.
Conclusion:The Colombian shipbuilding industry could enter new R&D areas derived from OWE projects, while its most significant contribution would be its experience for the design and construction of vessels for the installation, operation and maintenance of FOWTs.
Originality: Through this investigation, the correlation between the Colombian shipbuilding industry and the emerging OWE market is identified.
Limitations: At an international level, FOWTs are under development and testing. In the national context, cur-rently, there is not an established OWE sector
IRENA, “Future of wind: Deployment, investment, technology, grid integration and socio-economic aspects (A Global Energy Transformation Paper)”, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi, 2019. Accessed: Jan. 21, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.irena.org /-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2019/Oct/IRENA_Future_of_wind_2019.pdf.
W. Musial, P. Beiter, P. Spitsen, J. Nunemaker, and V. Gevorgian, “2018 Offshore Wind Technologies Market Report”, U.S. Department of Energy - Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, United States, Technical Report NREL/TP-5000-74278; DOE/GO-102019-5192, 2019. Accessed: Jan. 20, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy19os-ti/74278.pdf.
WindEurope, “Floating Offshore Wind Vision Statement”. 2017, Accessed: Jan. 23, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://windeurope.org /wp-content/uploads/files/about-wind/reports/Floating-offshore-statement.pdf.
S. Butterfield, W. Musial, J. Jonkman, and P. Sclavounos, “Engineering Challenges for Floating Offshore Wind Turbines”, presented at the Offshore Wind Conference, Copenhagen, 2005.
M. Hannon, E. Topham, J. Dixon, D. McMillan, and M. Collu, “Offshore wind, ready to float? Global and UK trends in the floating offshore wind market”, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, 2019, doi: https://doi.org/10.17868/69501.
K. P. Thiagarajan and H. J. Dagher, “A Review of Floating Platform Concepts for Offshore Wind Energy Generation”, Journal of Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering, vol. 136, no. 020903, 2014, doi: 10.1115/1.4026607.
C. M. Wang, T. Utsunomiya, S. C. Wee, and Y. S. Choo, “Research on floating wind turbines: a literature survey”, The IES Journal Part A: Civil & Structural Engineering:, vol. 3, no. 4, pp. 267–277, 2010.
BALance Technology Consulting GmbH, Shipyard Economics Ltd., and MC Marketing Consulting, “Study on New Trends in Globalisation in Shipbuilding and Marine Supplies - Consequences for European Industrial and Trade Policy”, European Union, EASME/COSME/2015/005, 2017. Accessed: Feb. 03, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://maritimetech-nology.nl/media/European-Commission-2.pdf.
C. D. Barry and P. Kamen, “An overview of Ocean Renewable Energy”. 2009, Accessed: Jan. 10, 2020. [Online]. Available: http://www.ascension-publishing.com/BIZ/OceanEnergy.pdf.
Y. Castillo, M. Castrillón, M. Vanegas-Chamorro, G. Valencia, and E. Villicaña, “Role of Non-Conventional Energy Sources in the Colombian Electricity sector”, Prospect, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 39–51, 2015.
J. G. Rueda-Bayona, A. Guzmán, J. J. Cabello Eras, R. Silva-Casarín, E. Bastidas-Arteaga, and J. Horrillo-Caraballo, “Renewables energies in Colombia and the opportunity for the offshore wind technology”, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol. 220, pp. 529–543, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.02.174.
Dinero, “Colombia se la juega por las energías renovables”, ¿Cuáles fueron los resultados de la subasta de energía renovable en Colombia?, 2019. http://www.dinero.com/pais/articulo/cuales-fueron-los-resultados-de-la-subasta-de-energia-renovable-en-colombia/278329
W. Musial and B. Ram, “Large-Scale Offshore Wind Power in the United States: Assessment of opportunities and barriers”, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, United States, Technical Report NREL/TP-500-40745, 2010. [Online]. Available: https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1036/ML103620046.pdf.
J. F. Manwell, J. G. McGowan, and A. L. Rogers, Wind Energy Explained: Theory, Design and Application, Second Edition. United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., 2010.
W. E. Heronemus, “Offshore wind turbine with multiple wind rotors and floating system”, US7075189B2, Jul. 11, 2006.
W. Musial, S. Butterfield, and B. Ram, “Energy from Offshore Wind”, in Proceedings of the Offshore Technology Conference 2006, Houston, 2006, vol. 3, pp. 1888–1898.
IRENA, “Renewable Energy Benefits: Leveraging Local Capacity for Offshore WInd”, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi, 2018.
Environment & Energy Publishing LLC, “WIND: Meet “the Captain,” the father of modern tur-bines”, E&E News, 2017. [Online]. Available: https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060067379 (ac-cessed Jan. 24, 2020).
N. Bento and M. Fontes, “Emergence of floating offshore wind energy: Technology and indus-try”, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 99, pp. 66–82, Jan. 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2018.09.035.
J. Yan, A. Korobenko, X. Deng, and Y. Bazilevs, “Computational free-surface fluid-structure interaction with application to floating offshore wind turbines”, Computers and Fluids, vol. 141, pp. 155–174, 2016.
IRENA, “Floating foundations: a Game Changer for Offshore Wind Power”, International Renewable Energy Agency, Abu Dhabi, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.irena.org /-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2016/IRENA_Offshore_Wind_Floating_Foundations_2016.pdf.
K. C. Tong, “Technical and economic aspects of a floating offshore wind farm”, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, vol. 74, no. 76, pp. 399–410, 1998.
G. E. Barter, “Moving Toward Cost-Competitive, Commercial Floating Wind Energy”, presen-ted at the US Offshore Wind 2018, Boston, 2018, Accessed: Jan. 03, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1457672.
J. Kang, S. Liping, H. Sun, and C. Wu, “Risk assessment of floating offshore wind turbine based on correlation-FMEA”, Ocean Engineering, vol. 129, pp. 382–388, 2017.
C. Serrano Morán, “Diseño de una estructura flotante para un aerogenerador offshore”, BS Thesis, Escuela Politécnica Superior - Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, 2015.
J. E. B. Withee, “Fully Coupled Dynamic Analysis of a Floating Wind Turbine System”, Ph.D Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2004.
K. R. Rao, Wind Energy for Power Generation: Meeting the Challenge of Practical Implementation. Springer, 2019.
A. N. Robertson and J. M. Jonkman, “Loads Analysis of Several Offshore Floating Wind Turbine Concepts”, presented at the International Society of Offshore and Polar Engineers - 2011 Conference, Maui, United States, 2011, Accessed: Jan. 20, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.nrel.gov/docs/fy12osti/50539.pdf.
A. A. Al Qubaisi, S. S. Dol, M. S. Khan, and A. A. Azeez, “Al Qubaisi, A. A., Dol, S. S., Khan, M. S., & Azeez, A. A. (2000). Feasibility study and design of floating offshore wind turbine farm in United Arab Emirates”, presented at the 2018 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET), Abu Dhabi, 2018.
T. Murfet and N. Abdussamie, “Loads and Response of a Tension Leg Platform Wind Turbine with Non-Rotating Blades: An Experimental Study”, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, vol. 7, no. 3, 2019.
M. Collu and M. Borg, “11 - Design of floating offshore wind turbines”, in Offshore Wind Farms, C. Ng and L. Ran, Eds. Woodhead Publishing, 2016, pp. 359–385.
M. Kausche, F. Adam, F. Dahlhaus, and J. Großmann, “Floating offshore wind - Economic and ecological challenges of a TLP solution”, Renewable Energy, vol. 126, pp. 270–280, 2018.
J. A. Schneider and M. Senders, “Foundation Design: A Comparison of Oil and Gas Platforms with Offshore Wind Turbines”, Marine Technology Society Journal, vol. 44, no. 1, pp. 32–51, 2010, doi: info:doi/10.4031/MTSJ.44.1.5.
M. Muskulus and S. Schafhirt, “Design Optimisation of Wind Turbine Suport Structures - A Review”, Journal of Ocean and Wind Energy, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 12–22, 2014.
Y. Tu, Z. Cheng, and M. Muskulus, “A review of slamming load application to offshore wind turbines from an integrated perspective”, Energy Procedia, vol. 137, pp. 346–357, 2017.
Damen Shipyards Group, “Damen to showcase capabilities for US offshore wind sector”, Damen to showcase capabilities for US offshore wind sector, 2020. https://www.damen.com:443/en/news/2019/06/damen_to_showcase_capabilities_for_us_offshore_wind_sec-tor (accessed Feb. 05, 2020).
Navantia, “Eólica - Diferentes tipos de Jackets”, Eólica - Apoyamos la energía limpia, 2018. https://www.navantia.es/es/productos-y-servicios/eolica/jackets/ (accessed Feb. 05, 2020).
Navantia, “La UTE Navantia-Windar se adjudica la construcción de 5 unidades flotantes de eólica marina”, Navantia, 2019. https://www.navantia.es/es/actualidad/notas-prensa/la-ute-navantia-windar-se-adjudica-la-construccion-de-5-unidades-flotantes-de-eoli-ca-marina/ (accessed Feb. 05, 2020).
Chantiers de l”Atlantique, “Westermost Rough Electrical Offshore Substation”, Chantiers de l”Atlantique, 2017. https://chantiers-atlantique.com/en/project-references/westermost-rou-gh-p33/ (accessed Feb. 05, 2020).
A. Durakovic, “French Consortium Completes Offshore Substation Trifecta”, Offshore Wind, 2020. https://www.offshorewind.biz/2020/01/09/french-consortium-completes-offshore- substation-trifecta/ (accessed Feb. 05, 2020).
M. DiFrangia, “Hyundai Heavy installs Korea”s largest offshore wind turbine”, Windpower Engineering & Development, 2014. https://www.windpowerengineering.com/hyundai-hea-vy-installs-koreas-largest-offshore-wind-turbine/ (accessed Feb. 05, 2020).
Innovate UK, “Japan & South Korea Floating Offshore Wind 2019”, Innovate UK Global Expert Mission, 2019. Accessed: Feb. 03, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://admin.ktn-uk.co.uk/app/uploads/2019/08/09_KTN_JPSK_FloatingWind_v7.pdf.
LaNaval, “DPIII Multipurpose Cable Lay Vessel”, Multipurpose Cable Lay Vessel, 2020. http://www.lanaval.es/es/productos/buques-offshore/33500-dwt-fallpipe-mining-vessels/dpi-ii-multipurpose-cable-vessel.html (accessed Feb. 05, 2020).
Y.-J. Lee, “Green cluster to vitalise regional economy”, The Korea Herald, Sep. 30, 2010.
D. Matha, C. Brons-Illig, A. Mitzlaff, and R. Scheffler, “Fabrication and installation constra-ints for floating wind and their implications on current infrastructure and design”, Energy Procedia, vol. 137, pp. 299–306, 2017.
Ingeniero Marino.com, “Buques Especiales para la Eólica Marina Offshore”, Ingeniero Marino, 2018. https://ingenieromarino.com/buques-especiales-eolica-marina-offshore/ (accessed Feb. 10, 2020).
Hellenic Institute of Transport (CERTH-HIT), “Baseline Report on present skills needs in shipbuilding and offshore renewables value chains. Results of the MATES project.” 2019, Accessed: Nov. 17, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.projectmates.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/D2.1-MATES-Baseline-Report-on-Present-Skill-Gaps.pdf.
International Labour Office - European Commission, “Skills and Occupational Needs in Renewable Energy”. International Labour Organization, 2011, Accessed: Mar. 12, 2020. [Online].
I. Ergas and G. Smyrnakis, “Foresight scenarios identifying future skills needs and trends”. 2020, Accessed: Nov. 17, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.projectmates.eu/wp-content/uploads/2020/02/D2.3-Foresight-scenarios-identifying-future-skills-needs-and-trends.pdf.
Z. O”Hanlon and V. Cummins, “A comparative insight of Irish and Scottish regulatory fra-meworks for offshore wind energy – An expert perspective”, Marine Policy, vol. 117, p. 103934, Jul. 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.marpol.2020.103934.
Aqua-RET consortium, “Competence Mapping Tool (CMT) for the Marine Renewables Sector”, Competence Mapping Tool (CMT) for the Marine Renewables Sector. http://www.aquaret.com/cmt/ (accessed Nov. 17, 2020).
Copyright (c) 2021 Ingeniería Solidaria

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Cession of rights and ethical commitment
As the author of the article, I declare that is an original unpublished work exclusively created by me, that it has not been submitted for simultaneous evaluation by another publication and that there is no impediment of any kind for concession of the rights provided for in this contract.
In this sense, I am committed to await the result of the evaluation by the journal Ingeniería Solidaría before considering its submission to another medium; in case the response by that publication is positive, additionally, I am committed to respond for any action involving claims, plagiarism or any other kind of claim that could be made by third parties.
At the same time, as the author or co-author, I declare that I am completely in agreement with the conditions presented in this work and that I cede all patrimonial rights, in other words, regarding reproduction, public communication, distribution, dissemination, transformation, making it available and all forms of exploitation of the work using any medium or procedure, during the term of the legal protection of the work and in every country in the world, to the Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia Press.