Problemas de garantía de los derechos y libertades de los pueblos indígenas
experiencia de Ucrania y de otros países
El objetivo de este estudio es proporcionar una comprensión científica del problema de garantizar los derechos y libertades de los pueblos indígenas, teniendo en cuenta la experiencia de Ucrania y de países extranjeros; en segundo lugar, formular conclusiones y recomendaciones razonables para su solución. Se ha señalado: a) la ausencia de una definición unificada del concepto de “pueblo indígena” y un enfoque unificado del conjunto de derechos y libertades de dichos pueblos; b) la idea dominante de un pueblo indígena como una minoría étnica que no tiene su estado fuera del país de residencia; c) la existencia de diferentes políticas nacionales sobre pueblos indígenas; d) la importancia de garantizar los derechos y libertades de los pueblos indígenas para preservar su identidad.
La investigación científica sobre la garantía de los derechos y libertades de los pueblos indígenas se centra principalmente en tres áreas: a) la participación de los autogobiernos indígenas en la implementación de políticas nacionales, en particular, en lo que respecta al impacto sobre el medio ambiente; b) la protección de la identidad cultural de los pueblos indígenas, que también incluye la protección de los derechos de propiedad intelectual; c) la solución de problemas y la mejora del estatus legal de los pueblos indígenas a nivel nacional e internacional. Además, la experiencia de Ucrania puede ser utilizada por otros Estados para evaluar la capacidad de las instituciones estatales para interactuar con los órganos representativos de los pueblos indígenas en el marco de regímenes jurídicos especiales.
Se ha llegado a la conclusión de que las actividades de los Estados miembros de la ONU deben centrarse en la adopción de una definición consensuada de “pueblos indígenas”, así como de un conjunto de sus derechos y libertades. Al mismo tiempo, la experiencia de Ucrania se relaciona principalmente con la protección de los derechos y libertades de la población indígena de Ucrania (tártaros de Crimea, caraítas y krymchaks) frente a las violaciones de los derechos humanos fundamentales cometidas por las autoridades rusas de ocupación en Crimea y otros territorios ocupados temporalmente. Se ha señalado la ausencia de instrumentos internacionales eficaces para la protección de los derechos y libertades de los pueblos indígenas.
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