eISSN: 2382-4247 H-Index: 16 DOI: https://doi.org/10.16925/issn.1794-7928 Editor: Yuly Andrea Caicedo Blanco Start: 2016 digital Frequency: Semiannual Language: Spanish Scope: Academic publication that publishes research articles, reflections, reviews, clinical cases related to animal and public health, animal production, and sustainability/biosecurity criteria in Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics. Its target audience includes researchers, research groups, professors, undergraduate and graduate students from Colombia and other countries. Indexed in: MIAR, Latindex Directory, Google, Actualidad Iberoamericana, EBSCOhost, OAJI. eISSN: 2382-4247 H-Index: 15 DOI: https://doi.org/10.16925/issn.1794-7928 Editor: Yuly Andrea Caicedo Blanco Start: 2016 digital Frequency: Semiannual Language: Spanish
En calidad de autor del artículo, declaro que este, es un trabajo original, inédito, de mi creación exclusiva, que no se ha postulado a evaluación simultánea en otra publicación y que no cuenta con algún impedimento de cualquier naturaleza para la concesión de los derechos previstos en este contrato. En ese sentido, me comprometo a esperar un resultado de evaluación de la revista, antes de considerar su presentación a otro medio, en caso de que la respuesta de publicación no sea positiva; adicionalmente, me comprometo a responder por cualquier acción de reivindicación, plagio u otra clase de reclamación que al respecto pudiera sobrevivir por parte de terceros. Asimismo, declaro que como autor o coautor, estoy de acuerdo por completo con los contenidos presentados en este trabajo y cedo todos los derechos patrimoniales, es decir, la reproducción, comunicación pública, distribución, divulgación, transformación, puesta a disposición y demás formas de explotación de la obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, a la revista y a la Editorial de la Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia.
Comportamento reprodutivo e produtivo de um sistema deprodução de leite ovino no México
The aim of this study was to characterize and evaluate the reproductive and productive performance of a sheep milk production unit that transforms the product into mature cheeses. The flock is composed of 484 crossbred East Friesian, Awassi, and Lacaune breed ewes, with an average weight of 70 kg, raised under a seasonal grazing feeding system with supplemental feeding in pens and controlled reproduction. Management was evaluated for one year, and information on reproductive and productive performance was collected, in terms of milk and cheese production. An average fertility rate of 77.8% was found; the months with the lowest fertility rates were February, March, April, and May. The annual production volume was 43,667 liters and was influenced by the herd size and the productive potential of each female. The average daily production was 547 ml-1 and 113 l-1 per ewe per year with 180 days in milk. The highest milk production was found from January to May. Cheese yield was 5.4 liters per kg of cheese and 21 kg of cheese per sheep present. The results provide relevant information for understanding the reproductive and productive performance of the sheep milk and cheese production system in Mexico, which is critical because most of these parameters are unknown.
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Impact of ewe’s milk composition on the productive performance of suckling lambs
Introduction: The lack of information in Colombia on the relationship between sheep milk quality and lamb growth makes the process of collecting production data during lactation uncertain. Objective: To analyze the influence of milk composition on lamb growth during lactation. Thirty ewes of the Hampshire, Romney Marsh, Criollo, and Mestizo biotypes, kept under homogeneous management conditions, were evaluated. A total of 631 milk samples were collected from day 3 postpartum until day 60 of lactation and analyzed using the LACTOSCAN® system to determine compositional and physicochemical variables. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-way unbalanced completely randomized design, applying Tukey's test with a 95% confidence level. Lamb production was recorded based on live weight. Results: The average weaning weight was 12.71 ± 3.78 kg, with Criollo lambs reaching the highest weight (14.61 ± 2.62 kg) compared to mixed-breed lambs (12.26 ± 4.00 kg). Some milk variables showed significant differences between biotypes (p<0.05). A moderate positive correlation was identified between fat, total solids, pH, and cryogenic point with weight gain, with fat showing the strongest association. In conclusion, the composition of sheep milk directly influences lamb growth; therefore, improvements in management and maternal nutrition represent key strategies for optimizing production in high-altitude tropical sheep systems.
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Prevalence of Ehrlichia canis in Canis familiaris at Fauna Veterinary Services and Pegasus Veterinary Clinic in the city of Bogotá
Introduction: Canine ehrlichiosis is a disease caused by the intracellular bacterium Ehrlichia canis, transmitted by the tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus, with a prevalence in warm regions of Colombia and sporadic cases in Bogotá linked to travel to these areas. Methodology: This retrospective descriptive cross-sectional study analyzed 68 clinical records of dogs seen between 2019 and 2021 at two veterinary clinics in Bogotá (Servicios Veterinarios Fauna and Clínica Veterinaria Pegasus). Epidemiological variables (sex, age, breed, origin, travel to warm zones) and clinical variables (symptoms and hematological alterations) were evaluated to confirm infection via rapid tests (SNAP 4Dx, BIONOTE) and to correlate findings with clinical signs and laboratory results. Results: The overall prevalence was 35.29%, with a higher incidence in adult females of small and medium breeds, particularly Schnauzers and mixed breeds. A significant association was found with travel to warm areas such as Tolima and Meta, and predominant hematological findings included leukopenia (50%), anemia (33%), and thrombocytopenia (28%). Common clinical signs included fever, depression, weight loss, and pale mucous membranes, reflecting the bacterium’s tropism for white blood cells. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of clinical and laboratory diagnosis for managing the disease despite limitations in advanced testing and highlights the need for vector control strategies and epidemiological surveillance, considering the zoonotic potential and the vector’s adaptability to urban areas.
Estimation of the productive potential of the Santander goat based on morphometric measurements and body índices
Introduction: The Santandereana goat, recognized as an indigenous zoogenetic resource of the Santander department, plays a fundamental role in the rural economy and food security of arid zones in the Chicamocha Canyon. This study aimed to evaluate the productive capacity of young males by analyzing morphometric variables and body composition indices throughout their growth. Methods: Twenty-seven males of the breed were used, distributed into three age groups (4, 8, and 12 months), and maintained under controlled management and feeding conditions. Ten morphometric variables were evaluated: weight (kg), height at the withers (cm), height at the croup (cm), thoracic circumference (cm), abdominal circumference (cm), body length (cm), hip width (cm), hip length (cm), testicular circumference (cm), and testicular diameter (cm), along with the following indices: Body Composition Index (BCI), Lateral Body Composition Index (LBCI), Compactness Index, Anamorphosis Index (ANI), Pelvic Index (PIE), Transverse Pelvic Index (TPI), Longitudinal Pelvic Index (LPI), and Relative Thoracic Depth Index (RTPI). Results: The studies showed a progressive increase in body weight and morphological dimensions with age, with statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in most variables between groups. Weight, thoracic circumference, and testicular circumference were identified as relevant indicators of development and sexual maturity. These findings allow for the establishment of useful morphometric criteria for the productive and reproductive classification of this native breed. Conclusions: The results identified the productive potential for meat production and its application in selection and genetic improvement programs aimed at the sustainability of goat farming systems in semi-arid regions of Colombia.
The Santanderean Creole Goat represents a valuable zoogenetic resource adapted to the semi-arid conditions of the Chicamocha Canyon in Colombia. This outreach article examines its productive traits, health challenges---particularly gastrointestinal parasitism caused by nematodes---and sustainable management strategies. Through a comprehensive approach that integrates genetic, nutritional, animal welfare, and health management aspects, the potential of this creole breed is highlighted as a productive alternative for small rural farmers and its importance in regional food security.
Evaluation of DNA Fragmentation in Goat Spermatozoa Using Acridine Orange Protocols
In caprine production systems, evaluation of male fertility is critical to determine female conception rates. However, conventional semen quality parameters fail to reflect sperm dna integrity. Irreversible DNA damage in gametes may occur during spermatogenesis or transit through the reproductive tract. Acridine orange (AO) staining provides a cost-effective method to assess dna fragmentation. Seven Saanen bucks were included in this study. Ejaculates were collected via artificial vagina, and pooled semen samples were analyzed. Semen parameters included mass motility (MM), progressive motility (PM), viability (V), and sperm morphology. dna damage was quantified using two positive controls (NaOH exposure and UV irradiation) and one negative control (fresh semen). Five AO concentrations were tested: 100 μg/ml, 200 μg/ml, 500 μg/ml, 1000 μg/ml, and 2000 μg/ml. Statistical analysis was performed using the proc glm procedure in SAS® University Edition. No significant differences were observed among protocols (p > 0.05). However, AO concentrations ≥500 μg/ml induced detectable dna damage in fresh semen spermatozoa. These results suggest that AO staining at 500 μg/ml is optimal for evaluating sperm dna damage during routine semen quality assessments in caprines.
Physicochemical and microbiological quality of raw bovine milk in García Rovira, Santander
The physicochemical and microbiological quality of raw bovine milk produced in the province of García Rovira, Santander, was evaluated over a 10-month period through the analysis of 440 samples collected from 1,376 farms distributed along 22 routes. Parameters measured included fat, protein, total solids, aerobic mesophilic counts, somatic cell count (SCC), and milk urea nitrogen (MUN). The results indicated that the milk met the minimum requirements for fat (3.69%), protein (3.31%), and total solids (12.31%). However, 82% of the samples exhibited aerobic mesophilic counts exceeding 1,000,000 CFU/mL, surpassing regulatory limits and hindering commercialization in markets that demand high quality standards. Additionally, 78.86% of the samples had SCC levels between 301 000 and 750 000 cells/mL, indicating a high prevalence of subclinical mastitis. The average MUN was 10 ± 2.11 mg/dL, although 30.23% of the samples showed values below 9 mg/dL, suggesting deficiencies in the animals’ protein intake. In conclusion, although the physicochemical quality of the milk is adequate, the high microbial loads and elevated somatic cell counts limit its commercial viability. This underscores the need to improve milking hygiene practices, enhance milk cooling infrastructure, and adjust cattle nutrition to ensure the sustainability and competitiveness of dairy production in García Rovira.
Protein metabolic profile in hair sheep (Ovis aries) of the low tropic of the Córdoba
The blood protein profile was assessed in sheep from different herds in the department of Córdoba, involving a total of 100 animals from 10 herds across 5 municipalities. The animals were managed under an extensive grazing system with native pastures. Blood samples were drawn from the jugular vein after a clinical screening to exclude animals with potential health disorders. Key blood metabolites—including total proteins, albumin, urea, and BUN—were analyzed using photocolorimetry. Data was processed through descriptive statistics for each variable using Infostat-software. The metabolic reference ranges obtained were as follows: total proteins (4.97–7.96 g/dL), albumin (2.60–4.15 g/dL), globulin (1.70–4.78 g/dL), urea (36.28–63.08 mg/dL), and BUN (17.05–29.65 mg/dL). These values establish baseline physiological ranges for sheep in tropical conditions across age groups and sexes, reared under extensive grazing on native pastures without supplemental feeding.
Use of propanediol to increase the production of dairy goats
Introduction: An energy supplement (propanediol) was tested in a batch of multiparous dairy goats with 100 days of lactation and in one of the first-calving goats, compared with a batch of control goats in the same lactation period and number of parturitions under conditions of total stabling on a commercial farm in the Mexican Altiplano. Result: No significant statistical differences were found between the weight of the goats, body condition, and number of lactations (the batch of primals was handled separately). Regarding the average milk production, significant statistical evidence was found for the treated group with respect to the control group and the primal group. Conclusion: The difference in average milk between the treated group and the control group was 640 milliliters, which causes a sufficient economic gain to consider that applying propanediol in multiparous goats with 100 days of lactation is economically profitable.
Benito Joaquín Claudio Ceballos Escalante
Experience of sheep grazing on introduced grass pastures in Southern Patagonia, Argentina
Introduction: Sheep farming in Southern Patagonia was based on the extensive use of natural grasslands in a scenario where grassland productivity accompanies the variability of weather conditions and soil water availability. One of the important indicators of extensive sheep farming is the percentage of indicated. Important guidelines are to provide an adequate nutritional plan to ensure success in achieving the percentage of live weight of adults’ live weight at the time of first service and to reduce physical losses to the lowest possible values. Methodology: In the southern region of Santa Cruz, a valid alternative to improve the productive performance of young sheep and reduce animal losses consists of strategic grazing of pastures introduced with perennial grasses. This alternative, due to the characteristics of the environment, also implies paying attention to the productivity, phenological state, and quality of the resource for correct grazing planning. Results: In this experience, comparative results of two grazing experiences were evaluated and presented on two pastures based on introduced grasses with Corriedale and Corriedale x Dhone Merino replacement lambs in two different sites and resources. Conclusion: The potential of the resource as an alternative to mitigate physical losses and improve the live weight of the animal in short-time grazing is indicated, where the responses depending on the initial body condition vary, with the lower ones having the greatest response.
Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus spp. goat mastitis isolatesin semi-intensive and extensive production systems
Introduction: Goat milk production has experienced sustained growth in recent years. Subclinical mastitis, a disease caused mainly by Staphylococcus spp., has a high economic and health impact at a global level. However, there is little information on the antimicrobial susceptibility of these pathogens, a fundamental aspect of successful therapy. The objectives of this study were to determine the occurrence of subclinical mastitis due to Staphylococcus spp. in semi-intensive and extensive systems and to evaluate the antibacterial susceptibility in S. aureus and scn isolated from milk of goats with subclinical mastitis. Methodology: We worked with 200 goats in the extensive system and 104 in the semi-intensive system. Using the California Mastitis Test, 55 and 95 goats suspected of subclinical mastitis were selected from both systems, respectively. Milk samples were obtained and cultured in CHROMagar™ Staph aureus®. S. aureus and scn were identified by color, metabolic, and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by the agar diffusion method. Results: scn were the main microorganisms isolated in both systems, presenting greater resistance to penicillin, erythromycin, and gentamicin. There was only multiple resistance phenotype in the semi-intensive system. S. aureus presented multiple phenotypes in both systems. The percentages of antimicrobial resistance found in the extensive system were significantly higher than in the semi-intensive system (p = 0.0016). Conclusions: These findings reflect the importance of implementing prudent use of antimicrobials under professional supervision, as occurs in semi-intensive treatments, and the need to monitor antimicrobial susceptibility in a sustained manner.
Gestión del bienestar animal en la cadena de producción porcina
En medicina veterinaria la formación en bienestar animal representa un aspecto importante para los profesionales, ya que permite la integración entre producciones sostenibles, la ética y aspectos técnicos. El propósito de esta reseña es analizar la importancia del aprendizaje en gestión del bienestar animal y su aplicabilidad dentro de estándares internacionales como la ISO 34700, con un enfoque en el manejo pre-sacrificio, principalmente en el transporte, etapa crítica en la cual se puede ver comprometida la inocuidad alimentaria y el bienestar animal. En Colombia la producción nacional de cerdos para el año 2024 superó las 608.000 toneladas con un consumo per cápita de 14,7 kg/habitante/año, estos datos demuestran la alta demanda de un producto que cumpla con estándares de calidad e inocuidad, al igual que profesionales capacitados para garantizar la seguridad alimentaria y la sostenibilidad. Finalmente se concluye que el bienestar animal es una herramienta indispensable y diferenciadora en la competitividad de los sistemas de producción, el fortalecimiento de la salud pública y la inocuidad alimentaria.
Characterization of traditional sheep production systems in the State of Mexico
The objective of this study was to determine the general characteristics of sheep production systems, as well as productive and reproductive parameters, in the State of Mexico, Mexico. The study was conducted by 77 producers from various municipalities in the State of Mexico. For reproductive parameters, a mortality rate of 15,8 %, fertility of 82,3 %, prolificacy of 1,2 were found, giving a weaning rate of 0,9. In contrast, productive parameters such as adjusted weight at 70 days (17,3 kg), daily weight gain (213 g), weaning (97 days), weight at the end of fattening (52 kg) and fattening days (140) were measured. 100 % of the systems are focused on meat production, 76,6% of producers are male, 33 % have primary farming, 16 % obtain 100 % of the income derived from this activity, 66 % carry out daytime grazing with nighttime teaching, the average land tenure is 2,5 ha, free grazing dominates (85 %), with parts throughout the year. 90 % deworm, 20 % vaccinate and only 28 % supplement with mineral sales.
XIII Congreso de la Asociación Latinoamericana de Especialistas en Pequeños Rumiantes y Camélidos Sudamericanos
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Breed, age, and environmental effects on bull semen in the low tropics
Objective. This study aimed to identify factors that affected the semen quality of breeding bulls in the low tropics of Colombia. Materials and methods. The rest period, breed (B), and environmental (E) effects on sperm concentration and semen volume were examined in a first analysis with 399 bulls. Subsequently, breed and environmental effects on sperm concentration, semen volume, and progressive motility, in addition to breed (breed or crossbreed) effects on scrotal circumference, were examined in a second analysis performed with 1848 bulls. Results. The scrotal circumference of Jersey×Gyr bulls was significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of different breeds and F1 bulls. In addition, significant differences were also found in semen variables (p<0.01), including sperm concentration (p<0.05), which varied with the environmental conditions and was significantly higher in altitudinal zone 4 (AZ4: 150–199 meters above sea level (masl) altitude, 33.9°C environmental temperature (et), and 71.2% relative humidity (rh)) and was significantly lower in AZ5 (altitude higher than 500 masl, 23°C et, and 76% rh). In turn, the following correlations were found: the higher the semen volume, the higher progressive is the motility and sperm concentration, and the higher the sperm concentration, the higher is the progressive motility. Conclusions. AZ5 affected sperm concentration, but no significant differences were found in sperm concentration or semen volume between the breeds under study.
Male contact can replace equine chorionic gonadotropin(eCG) injection in anestrus progesterone-treated dairy goats
Introduction: Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) is a crucial component of progestogen treatments to induce reproductive activity in goats. However, its repeated use leads to antibody production, and its origin raises animal welfare concerns. Methodology: This study compared the reproductive performance of anestrus dairy goats treated with eCG or exposed to males following a 14-day progesterone treatment. Seventy-one anestrus goats were implanted with a controlled internal drug release (CIDR®) device and placed in one of three groups: the eCG group (n = 23) received an injection of 200 IU of eCG, the male group (M, n = 24) was exposed to a male in the same pen for a period of seven days, and the control group (C, n = 24) received no additional treatment. Results: Estrus, ovulation, and pregnancy rates were recorded. Estrus rates and the interval to estrus (h±SE) in the eCG (95.7% and 36.4±2.8, respectively) and M groups (95.9%, 48.2 ± 2.7) were significantly different from those in the control group (58.3%, 62.7 ± 3.6; p<0.05). Ovulation rates were higher in the eCG (91.3%) and M groups (83.3%) than in the C group (29.1%; p<0.05). The pregnancy rate was higher in the eCG (91.3%) and M groups (79.1%) than in the C group (29.1%; p<0.01). Conclusion: The results indicate that the male effect can replace eCG in progesterone-treated anestrus goats.
Bacteriological and compositional analysis of bovine milk from four municipalities of the department of Putumayo, Colombia
<span style="color: #0d0d0d; font-family: Söhne, ui-sans-serif, system-ui, -apple-system, 'Segoe UI', Roboto, Ubuntu, Cantarell, 'Noto Sans', sans-serif, 'Helvetica Neue', Arial, 'Apple Color Emoji', 'Segoe UI Emoji', 'Segoe UI Symbol', 'Noto Color Emoji'; font-size: 16px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: start; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; widows: 2; word-spacing: 0px; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: pre-wrap; background-color: #ffffff; text-decoration-thickness: initial; text-decoration-style: initial; text-decoration-color: initial; display: inline !important; float: none;">The bacteriological and compositional quality of raw bovine milk has very important economic and health implications for the agricultural development of the country. The aim of this research was to analyze raw bovine milk bacteriologically and compositionally from dual-purpose livestock production systems in the municipalities of Puerto Asís, Villagarzón, Orito and Valle del Guamuez in the department of Putumayo. For this, intentional sampling was used in 250 livestock farms, thus obtaining 854 milk samples. The parameters of somatic cells (cs/mL), aerobic mesophilic bacteria count (cfu/mL), fat, protein, lactose, and total solids were analyzed. The data obtained were subject to analysis of variance with a significance of 5%. A difference was evident for the parameters of fat and total solids between the municipalities. When analyzing the results with respect to the ntc 399 raw milk standard, the parameters of somatic cells, mesophilic bacteria, protein, lactose, and total solids are met in the four municipalities. For its part, the fat parameter is met in Puerto Asís and Valle del Guamuez.
Worldwide Breeding and Commercialization of Edible Insects as anAlternative Source of Protein
The increase in the world population has generated a greater demand for food production. In order to guarantee food security at a global level, an accelerated consumption of available for livestock production has been generated, such as the availability of land for agricultural use and water, in addition to negatively impacting the environment from the production of greenhouse gases. In this context, generating alternatives for protein production that are more sustainable than current production systems has become a priority. One of the proposed food alternatives is producing and consuming edible insects for human and animal nutrition. Edible insects stand out for their high nutritional content and potential to generate a lower environmental impact in controlled production than conventional livestock production. However, the development of controlled production of edible insects still requires answering questions about the safety and health of their products. This essay aims to summarize the current conditions of the production of edible insects in the nutritional, environmental, economic, legislative, and health and safety fields.
Evaluation of internal and external quality and shelf life ofcommercial eggs under tropical conditions
The internal and external quality parameters of the egg are indicators of the freshness state that it presents. The effect of time on the quality of the commercial egg stored on the shelf was evaluated. 120 eggs from the Isa Brown and HyN Brown Nick genetic lines were used, divided into two groups (group A and group B). The variables were measured every three days until day 28 of the egg’s age. Weight, haugh units, yolk pigmentation, shell thickness, yolk index, albumin and yolk pH and visual inspection were analyzed. Significant differences were observed in (p> 0.05) in most of the variables analyzed during the study time. Both groups showed a decrease in egg weight (-3.1 g group A and 3.8 g group B), haugh units (-26.2 g group A and -34.7 g group B), yolk index (-0.34% group A and -0.36% group B), visual inspection (-6 points group A and 3.7 points group B), yolk pigmentation (- 2.1 group A and -1.4 group B) and albumin pH (-1 group A and -0.5 group B); after 28 days of storage. As for the yolk pH, it did not show significant differences (p> 0.05), the values remained during the study. The environment influenced the quality parameters of the egg, reducing its freshness level, except for the yolk Ph, which had a lower degradation process.
Factors associated with the presentation of tenosynovitis in broiler chicken
Poultry production in Colombia is one of the main activities given the high consumption of this protein at the national level, due to its easy access for the entire population, according to the indicators of the Ministry of Agriculture, the poultry sector registered in the 2020 a growth of 4.5% and according to FENAVI for 2020 the per capita consumption of chicken was 35.5 kg / year. The industry has always been affected by the different diseases that affect birds, one of these is viral arthritis or tenosynovitis which is a serious economic and health problem for the industry.The objective of this research was to carry out a literature review of the current state of knowledge about the factors associated with the presentation of tenosynovitis in broilers. For this, a review was carried out in databases (ScienceDirect, Pubmed, Scopus, among others) to search for documents and articles related to the subject. A total of 359 articles were found, of which 12 were finally selected for the review. Given that viral arthritis or tenosynovitis is a disease caused by avian arboviruses (ARVs), the findings of the different studies associated with ARVs show that in recent years these pathogens have evolved through greater genetic diversity and their pathogenicity. Therefore, since the control of the disease associated with ARV infection is increasingly difficult, new prevention and control measures are required, since vaccination has proven not to be totally effective.
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Evaluation of documented information (ISO 9001: 2015 standard)
To assure the quality of work with laboratory animals, it is essential to standardize their breeding and maintenance processes. The ISO 9001:2015 standard meets the requirements that certify the Quality Management Systems of an organization. The work focuses primarily on the establishment and evaluation of documented information of the processes referred to in requirement 7.5 of ISO 9001: 2015; this regulatory requirement is part of a management system that focuses on customer satisfaction with respect to meeting their needs. A descriptive and exploratory research was conducted. An instrument (survey) was designed where information was collected on the use of documentation in production and experimental processes. 22 conventional bioterias registered in the Asociación Venezolana para la Ciencia de Animales de Laboratorio (avecal) were studied. The instrument was sent via email to the Heads of each one of the Bioterias. Data were collected and tabulated according to the variables investigated. It was evidenced that 81.8% of these bioterias do not have documents that allow a control and monitoring of their processes. Likewise, those responsible are unaware of the national legal framework, such as the Ley Orgánica del Sistema Venezolano para la Calidad, Normas Generales de Control Interno de la Contraloría General de la República and the ISO 9001:2015. The design of a methodological guide is recommended, so that national bioterias prepare their documents following clause 7.5 of the ISO 9001: 2015 standard to improve the efficiency of their processes.
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Persistent müllerian duct syndrome in canine male of breeds Schnauzer
Case report study where the syndrome of persistence of the Mullerian ducts in male canines of the Schnauzer breed is analyzed, characterizing the symptomatology associated with the presence of pyometra in cases of pseudohermaphroditism, this is part of a process of sexual differentiation that is It begins in the uterus and continues in development until reaching maturity, dividing into three phases: chromosomal, gonadal and phenotypic sex, an alteration in sexual development is the syndrome of persistent Mullerian ducts that is present in cases of apparent hermaphroditism male, which is hereditary, autosomal, recessive in XY individuals, in which the presence of the uterus and other structures of the female reproductive tract is observed in a male animal, derived from an interference in the response to the anti-Müllerin hormone at the receptor, which has been reported in dogs of the Miniature Schnauzer breed, from this perspective in this article we report So three clinical cases observed in a veterinarian in Bucaramanga, the symptoms reported indicate episodes of decay, fever, diarrhea, abdominal palpation pain and tenesmus, alterations in blood chemistry, in the clinical examination pyometra was observed, and purulent dripping discharge from of the urethra, gynecomastia and cryptorchism, recurrent appearance in cases of canine pseudohermaphroditism.
Feeding behavior in goats in a controlled grazing system of natural succession in tropical dry forest
Introduction: Goats are selected browsing and selective ruminants, in natural conditions they use up to once hours a day for food consumption. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior and other diurnal behaviors in adult female goats. Methodology: Twelve animals were evaluated under a grazing system with the presence of native trees scattered in the low tropics, without introduced grasses and with a supplementation composed of cut grasses and canoe concentrate within the paddock. The observation of the behaviors was carried out for twelve hours a day and a frequency of five in three days, with which 876 observations were obtained per day and 2628 observations in total, climatic variables were taken into account. The information was processed using the Microsoft Excel program and a multiple correspondence analysis was made, using the R statistical package. Results: The consumption behavior in grazing was presented with a higher frequency during the day (26.4 %), decreasing among the 6:00 a.m. to 9:00 a.m., where high precipitation was evidenced and at 11:00 and 16:00 by canoe supplementation. The browsing behavior was presented in 8.95%, with less frequency in the hours between 9:00 a.m. to 2:00 p.m. Quiet and rumination behavior in the lateral ulna position represented 20.4% and 11.5% respectively, both observed throughout the day. Behaviors such as sleeping, drinking and consuming salt, presented very low frequencies. Conclusions: Goats present a constant ingestive behavior during the hours of the day evaluated.
Homeopathy is one of the most widely used practices in alternative medicine, both in the care of human patients and in veterinary medicine. Its origin dates back a little over 200 years and its popularity has been up and down ever since. Since its beginning and until modern times, the postulates of homeopathy have been the subject of debates in medicine and science. Concepts applied in homeopathy such as similia similibus curentur, vital force, dynamization, minimum or infinitesimal doses, and other peculiarities of the practice, are currently little recognized or even completely rejected. The weakness of homeopathy's theoretical framework and the scant of serious evidence it has provided makes it difficult to consider it as a tool of modern scientific medicine. In this review of the available literature, the principles of homeopathy, the experimental evidence of its efficacy, and its suitability in current medicine are described in a critical and rigorous way, to determine whether it can be considered an acceptable medical and veterinary practice in the XXI century.
Dermal and ophthalmic toxicity of the hydroalcoholic extract of Curcuma longa, Linn (Curcuvet) in in vivo models
Transforming medicinal plants into industrializable and marketable products involves meeting numerous regulatory requirements regarding the quality, safety, efficacy and stability of the proposed formulation. In this context, the product Curcuvet (antiseptic and healing solution obtained from the hydroalcoholic extract of C. longa) needs to demonstrate its safety before being legally used in veterinary clinical practice. Therefore, the present work aimed to evaluate in vivo the dermal and ophthalmic toxic potentialities of the product. To achieve this, three in vivo investigations were carried out: acute dermal toxicity, primary dermal irritancy and ophthalmic irritancy according to the standards described by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) No. 434, 404 and 405, respectively. The Curcuvet product in all tests was administered as a single dose, superficially on both skin (Sprague Dawley rat and F1 rabbits) and ocular mucosa (New Zealand albino rabbits). The Curcuvet product was not irritating to the skin of rats and rabbits, but not to the ocular structures, which were severely damaged, reaching an irritancy index of 110. It is concluded that the Curcuvet formulation, administered in single dose, was not a dermal irritant and a severe ophthalmic irritant.
COVID-19 influence on beef export, production, and consumption in Colombia, and the World.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of COVID-19 on the export, production and consumption of beef in Colombia and the world. Information related to the export, production and consumption characteristics of beef was searched using exclusion criteria and keywords in web pages such as ScienceDirect and Google academic. FAO and DIAN databases from 2018 to 2020 for Colombia, Brazil, India, Australia, USA and China were consulted. Results showed an increase of 52% in beef exports in the last year in Colombia, while production and consumption per capita showed a negative trend. The above may indicate a positive artificial effect on the impact of the Colombian beef market. The studied traits trends showed the COVID-19 pandemic impact on the global beef market. In conclusion, regarding the assessment of Colombian beef exportation, it is essential to consider the international negotiation policies of the Colombian beef importing countries and each country's response capacity to meet its consumer demand which directly affects imports. Finally, the pandemic affected Colombian beef exports because of its domestic presentation and evolution and its impact on the countries of Colombian meat imports.
Historical comparisons between of human and canine case reports of Visceral Leishmanisis in Colombia according to the one health approach
One of the zoonoses of great impact is the visceral Leishmaniasis caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania infantum, transmitted by the infected hematophagous female vector called Lutzomyia longipalpis, the main reservoir being the domestic dog, considered a forgotten tropical pathology in 98 countries worldwide, especially in Colombia since its first cases in humans and dogs. The objective of the work was to develop a systematic review of the literature about the epidemiological behavior of Visceral Leishmaniasis over the years in Colombia, using three recognized databases (Academic Google, PubMed and Dialnet) as well as the Mendeley and Other bibliographic sources, initially 180,610 documents were found, of which 21,673 duplicates were eliminated, leaving 158,937 studies remaining, later a third selection of 11,127 articles was made and finally 126 selected articles cover the topics of interest. The distribution of cases of the disease ranges from the Magdalena River Valley such as Huila, Tolima to the departments of Sucre and Córdoba with a high frequency, it is also highlighted that in canines the data on the occurrence are not updated due to the lack of studies. In conclusion, visceral Leishmaniasis is considered an epidemiological and public health problem due to the contact between the main reservoir and man. In Colombia over the years it has been found that the data on reports in humans has been developed without interruptions in the areas of greatest risk (Sucre, Córdoba, Santander, Tolima, Huila) while in canines the search and notification has not been specific and even incomplete, presenting limitations at the time of determining the current occurrence of the disease, therefore It is therefore essential to strengthen surveillance systems to generate truthful information on cases depending directly on the knowledge of VL by veterinarians and responsible entities.
Effect of the inoculation of sulfur amino acids and vitamin b9 on the degree of feathering of broilers
The fledging process of the birds begins from day 9 of incubation where the formation of the follicles can already be evidenced and by day 11 the formation of down is already evident. The effect of in ovo inoculation of sulfur amino acids (ASA) and vitamin B9 on the degree of feathering in broilers was evaluated, the study had a duration of 62 days (21 days of incubation and 42 days of life). A total of 1200 fertile eggs from 41-week-old broiler breeders were used, divided into five treatments (n=240). T1: no inoculation. T2: saline solution (NaCl 0.75%), T3: vitamin B9, T4: ASA and T5: combination of vitamin B9 + ASA. The degree of feathering was carried out on days 28, 35 and 42 of age; the comparison of the means was carried out by means of the SNK test using the statistical program R. With a significance of 5 %. No significant differences were observed in the variables analyzed through the life phases of the birds (p>0.05). The doses of the substances used in the inoculation did not influence the degree of fledging of the birds. The inoculation of these nutrients individually and associated with folic acid in the embryonic phase did not influence this morphological characteristic
Clinical and anatomopathological alterations found in a dog positive for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis in the Municipality of Varginha, Minas Gerais
Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis is a severe disease with a worldwide distribution and high morbidity and mor-tality. In addition to its zoonotic character, the clinical symptomatology is variable and even non-existent, re-quiring the Veterinarian to carefully interpret the physical and anatomopathological changes. In this sense, the study aimed to describe the physical examination and necropsy findings in a six-year-old mongrel bitch, from the shelter of the Zoonosis Control Center in the city of Varginha/MG, seropositive for Visceral Leishmaniasis. The results revealed physical and necropsy findings consistent with a positive serological diagnosis for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis. In this way, control and prevention measures aimed at stray animals and residents in animal shelters become important, since dogs are important in the epidemiology of Human Leishmaniasis. It is up to the veterinarian to identify positive animals and implement the concept of one health
Prevalencia de infecciones por geohelmintos en comunidades brasileñas
Introduction: Geo-helmintiasis are recognized due to their high morbidity and because they cause thousands of deaths annually, mainly of children in underdeveloped countries. There is a global proposal with a goal to be achieved, knowledge of the prevalence of geo-helminthiasis is essential. Even so, it is possible to assess the regions should receive greater attention in the search for treatment and control. The objective of this study is to evaluate the prevalence of infections due to geo helminthiasis in Brazil based on the analysis of the published literature. Methodology: For this, a systematic review of articles in PubMed, Scopus and Science Direct databases was made considering studies in which parasitological copro examinations were performed between 1/1/2010 and 8/17/2020. Studies representing the following data were included: number of participants, age group, parasi-tological method, geographic location. A total of 25 studies were identified with reports of prevalence in rural communities, indigenous school children, urban and peri urban areas. The studies were carried out in twelve Brazilian states in the South, South West and North West region. Results: 56% of the studies included individuals aged 0 to 93 years. The techniques base on spontaneous sedimentation were the most used. Ascaris lumbricoides was another species found (0,15 to 48,8%), followed by Trichuris trichiura (0,16 to 61,5%) and hookworns (0,08 to 22,8%). The state of Rio Grande do sul (RS), Minas Gerais (MG), Paraná (PR), Alagoas (AL) and Bahia (BA) had higher reports (>20%) of Ascaris lumbricoides and it also represented reports for T. trichiura (PR, AL and BA) and hookworms (MG, AL and BA). Conclusion: In Brazil, studies on the prevalence of soil transmitted helminth infections are scarce, mainly in regions of extreme poverty, the published works do not refer to the prevalence of municipalities and of certain communities, which doesn’t not always represent the reality of the local. More studies on the prevalence of infections due to soil transmitted helminth infections are necessary to know areas of greater risk where the measures for treatment and control should be more effective
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