Direitos de proteção das crianças deslocadas durante conflitos armados
Desde o nascimento, toda criança é como uma folha em branco na qual praticamente tudo pode ser escrito. A infância é o período de desenvolvimento mais rápido (físico, mental, cognitivo e social) para todo ser humano. Infelizmente, a humanidade nunca conheceu um período de existência sem conflitos armados. Pelo contrário, as tendências globais apontam para um aumento no número de conflitos. Todo conflito armado, em maior ou menor grau, causa o deslocamento da população civil, incluindo crianças. O deslocamento implica uma mudança radical no modo de vida normal de uma criança. Graça Machel, em sua obra “Impacto dos Conflitos Armados sobre as Crianças”, identificou o deslocamento como um dos maiores problemas durante os conflitos armados para a proteção dos direitos das crianças. Existem dois tipos de deslocamento: o deslocamento por status de refugiado (quando civis cruzam as fronteiras do Estado em que residem legalmente e buscam asilo em outros Estados) e o deslocamento interno (uma mudança de residência dentro de um Estado sem cruzar uma fronteira). A regulamentação jurídica do deslocamento (tanto de refugiados quanto de deslocados internos) se reflete nos níveis internacional e regional. O conflito armado russo-ucraniano causou o deslocamento massivo da população civil, tanto dentro como fora da Ucrânia (a maioria da qual migrou para a União Europeia). A experiência ucraniana demonstrou a sua capacidade de desenvolver legislação nacional sobre crianças deslocadas internamente. Este artigo examina três níveis de regulamentação jurídica (internacional, regional – europeu e nacional – ucraniano) relativos à proteção dos direitos das crianças durante o deslocamento em períodos de conflito armado.
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