Compreendendo a regulamentação legal da incitação ao suicídio no direito penal contemporâneo com um estudo de caso na Bósnia e Herzegovina
A incitação ao suicídio tem sido regulamentada de forma diferente na maioria dos sistemas legais em todo o mundo, tanto por meio de codificação direta quanto como parte de outras infrações criminais. A mídia moderna de comunicação que foi desenvolvida trouxe novos desafios legais na prevenção de impactos prejudiciais de uma pessoa para outra, o que pode resultar em suicídio.
Muito recentemente, casos semelhantes ocorreram na Bósnia e Herzegovina, deixando muitas questões sem solução: os indivíduos que estavam (online) zombando da vítima deveriam ser ameaçados como incitadores, portanto, criminosos? Portanto, revelar a regulamentação legal do ato de infração criminal Incitação ao Suicídio testa se a legislação atualizou suas normas de acordo com esses novos desafios.
Por meio de métodos doutrinários e comparativos, a análise jurídica da regulamentação da incitação ao suicídio será conduzida neste manuscrito, resistindo às diferenças factuais em suas sanções e dificuldades de acusação, com foco no direito penal da Bósnia e Herzegovina. A comparação será feita com a regulamentação nos Estados Unidos, Reino Unido, Holanda e Alemanha.
O manuscrito resultará em recomendações sobre a prevenção de eventos críticos e incitação ao suicídio a serem perpetrados.
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