Artículo de investigación

Compreendendo a regulamentação legal da incitação ao suicídio no direito penal contemporâneo com um estudo de caso na Bósnia e Herzegovina

v. 27 n. 2 (2025)
Publicado: 2025-05-21
Lejla Softić
Ena Kazić Çakar

A incitação ao suicídio tem sido regulamentada de forma diferente na maioria dos sistemas legais em todo o mundo, tanto por meio de codificação direta quanto como parte de outras infrações criminais. A mídia moderna de comunicação que foi desenvolvida trouxe novos desafios legais na prevenção de impactos prejudiciais de uma pessoa para outra, o que pode resultar em suicídio.

Muito recentemente, casos semelhantes ocorreram na Bósnia e Herzegovina, deixando muitas questões sem solução: os indivíduos que estavam (online) zombando da vítima deveriam ser ameaçados como incitadores, portanto, criminosos? Portanto, revelar a regulamentação legal do ato de infração criminal Incitação ao Suicídio testa se a legislação atualizou suas normas de acordo com esses novos desafios.

Por meio de métodos doutrinários e comparativos, a análise jurídica da regulamentação da incitação ao suicídio será conduzida neste manuscrito, resistindo às diferenças factuais em suas sanções e dificuldades de acusação, com foco no direito penal da Bósnia e Herzegovina. A comparação será feita com a regulamentação nos Estados Unidos, Reino Unido, Holanda e Alemanha.

O manuscrito resultará em recomendações sobre a prevenção de eventos críticos e incitação ao suicídio a serem perpetrados.

Palavras-chave: Array, Array, Array, Array, Array

Como Citar

Softić, L., & Çakar, E. K. (2025). Compreendendo a regulamentação legal da incitação ao suicídio no direito penal contemporâneo com um estudo de caso na Bósnia e Herzegovina. DIXI, 27(2), 1-27. https://doi.org/10.16925/2357-5891.2025.02.10

A.B, G. (2021). Brief analysis of the incitement to suicide or attempted suicide. Bulletin of Science and Education, 16(1), 119.

Adeane, A. (2019, January 13). Blue Whale: What is the truth behind an online “suicide challenge”? BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/blogs-trending-46505722

AP News. (2020, December 11). Austria court voids rule outlawing all assistance to suicide. AP News. https://apnews.com/political-news-general-news-b3929a7cb6cd95d8787b9cf5af7cf79d

Arrey, R. T. (2023, May 4). Who is to blame: Can an AI chatbot be convicted of inciting suicide? LinkedIn. https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/who-blame-can-ai-chatbot-convicted-inciting-suicide-remy-takang

Atillah, I. E. (2023, April 3). AI chatbot blamed for “encouraging” young father to take his own life. Euronews. https://www.euronews.com/next/2023/03/31/man-ends-his-life-after-an-ai-chatbot-encouraged-him-to-sacrifice-himself-to-stop-climate

Australian Government: Attorney-General’s Department. (2002). The Commonwealth Criminal Code: A Guide for Practitioners. Australian Government: Attorney-General’s Department. https://www.ag.gov.au/crime/publications/commonwealth-criminal-code-guide-practitioners-draft/part-22-elements-offence/division-3-general/31-elements

Binder, G., & Chiesa, L. (2018). The puzzle of inciting suicide. American Criminal Law Review, 56(1), 69.

Bojanić, N., Srdanović, M., & Marinković, D. (2016). Suicide rate in the Republic of Srpska. Kriminalističke Teme, 3(4).

Borić, F. (2022). Bosnia-Herzegovina social briefing: Suicides in BiH: From cyberbullying to depression among young people. China CEE Institute, 56(3), 8.

BosnaInfo. (2022, October 31). Zašto niko neće odgovarati za smrt Mladena iz Laktaša? BosnaInfo. https://bosnainfo.ba/zasto-niko-nece-odgovarati-za-smrt-mladena-iz-laktasa/

Choi, N. G., Marti, C. N., & Choi, B. Y. (2022). Three leading suicide methods in the United States, 2017–2019: Associations with decedents’ demographic and clinical characteristics. Frontiers in Public Health, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.955008

Christine, M. (2023, July). Suicidal behavior—Psychiatric disorders. MSD Manual Professional Edition. https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/suicidal-behavior-and-self-injury/suicidal-behavior

Cilovic-Lagarija, S., Hasanica, N., Musa, S., & Peek-Asa, C. (2021). Trends in suicide mortality in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina—2010-2020. Medical Archives, 75(4), 302. https://doi.org/10.5455/medarh.2021.75.302-306

CSS. (2024, February 13). Saopštenje za medije: Zašto nikoga ne interesuje 1431 mrtav sugrađanin? Centar Za Sigurnosne Studije - BiH | Centre for Security Studies - BH. https://css.ba/saopstenje-za-medije-zasto-nikoga-ne-interesuje-1431-mrtav-sugradanin/

Dahlstrom, F. (n.d.). Offences relating to suicide. Go to Court. Retrieved June 9, 2024, from https://www.gotocourt.com.au/suicide-law-australia/

Dalmia, N. (2024, April 20). What is Blue Whale Challenge, the online game linked to an Indian student’s death in the US? The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/what-is-blue-whale-challenge-the-online-game-linked-to-indian-students-death-in-the-us/articleshow/109460526.cms?from=mdr

Dattani, S., Rodés-Guirao, L., Ritchie, H., Roser, M., & Ortiz-Ospina, E. (2024). Suicides. Our World in Data. https://ourworldindata.org/suicide

Department of Science, Innovation and Technology of the United Kingdom. (2024, August 5). Online Safety Act: Explainer. GOV.UK. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/online-safety-act-explainer/online-safety-act-explainer

Elfein, J. (2024, May 21). Male vs female suicide rates by country worldwide 2020. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/236567/number-of-suicides-in-selected-countries-by-gender/

Eurostat. (2023, August 9). Deaths by suicide down by almost 14% in a decade. Eurostat. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-eurostat-news/w/edn-20230908-3

Farmer, B., Moshoeshoe, M., & Townsley, S. (2024, February 20). The country with the highest suicide rate in the world. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/climate-and-people/lesotho-worlds-highest-suicide-rates-mens-mental-health-africa/

Federal Law Gazette I, p. 4906. (2021, November 22). German Criminal Code (Strafgesetzbuch – StGB). Federal Ministry of Justice. https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_stgb/englisch_stgb.html

Fleischmann, A. (n.d.). UN SDG Indicator 3.4.2 Suicide mortality rate. https://www.unescwa.org/sites/default/files/event/materials/UN%20SDG%20indicator%203.4.2%20Suicide%20mortality%20rate.pdf

Furbish, L. K. (1995). Michigan assisted suicide case and law. Office of Legislative Research, The Connecticut General Assembly. https://www.cga.ct.gov/PS95/rpt/olr/htm/95-R-0522.htm

Gearing, R. E., & Lizardi, D. (2009). Religion and suicide. Journal of Religion and Health, 48(3), 332–341.

Gelsey, J. (2020). Germany: Constitutional Court strikes down provision criminalizing commercial assisted suicide. Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2020-04-29/germany-constitutional-court-strikes-down-provision-criminalizing-commercial-assisted-suicide/

Göken, H., & Zwießler, F. (2022). Assisted suicide in Germany: The landmark ruling of the German Federal Constitutional Court of February 26, 2020. German Law Journal, 23(4), 661–671. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2022.34

Grieshober, D. W. (1996). Suicide—Criminal aspects. Villanova Law Review, 1(2), 8.

Humanists UK. (2024, September 4). Five new assisted suicide cases referred to Crown Prosecution Service in a year. Humanists UK. https://humanists.uk/2024/04/09/five-new-assisted-suicide-cases-referred-to-crown-prosecution-service-in-a-year/

Johnson, S. (2021, September 9). Suicide is still treated as a crime in at least 20 countries, report finds. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2021/sep/09/suicide-still-treated-as-a-in-at-least-20-countries-report-finds

Katz, D. M., Coupette, C., Beckedorf, J., & Hartung, D. (2020). Complex societies and the growth of the law. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 18737. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-73623-x

Lew, B., Lester, D., Mustapha, F. I., Yip, P., Chen, Y.-Y., Panirselvam, R. R., Hassan, A. S., In, S., Chan, L. F., Ibrahim, N., Chan, C. M. H., & Siau, C. S. (2022). Decriminalizing suicide attempt in the 21st century: An examination of suicide rates in countries that penalize suicide, a critical review. BMC Psychiatry, 22(1), 424. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-022-04060-5

Mäkinen, I. H. (2006). Suicide-related crimes in contemporary European criminal laws. Crisis. https://econtent.hogrefe.com/doi/10.1027/0227-5910.18.1.35

McGorrery, P., & McMahon, M. (2019). Causing someone else to commit suicide: Incitement or manslaughter? Alternative Law Journal, 44(1), 23–28. https://doi.org/10.1177/1037969X18802455

Mishara, B. L., & Weisstub, D. N. (2016). The legal status of suicide: A global review. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry, 44, 54–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijlp.2015.08.032

Moir, C.-L., Tzani, C., Ioannou, M., Lester, D., Synnott, J., & Williams, T. J. V. (2023). Cybersuicide: Online-assisted suicide. Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology, 38(4), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11896-023-09602-5

Mroz, S., Dierickx, S., Deliens, L., Cohen, J., & Chambaere, K. (2021). Assisted dying around the world: A status quaestionis. Annals of Palliative Medicine, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.21037/apm-20-637

Narodne Novine 36/2024. (2024, February 4). Kazneni zakon—Zakon.hr. https://www.zakon.hr/z/98/Kazneni-zakon

National Government of Republic of Austria. (2022, September 12). RIS - Strafgesetzbuch—Bundesrecht konsolidiert. Rechtsinformationssystem des Bundes. https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=10002296

Niederkrotenthaler, T., Braun, M., Pirkis, J., Till, B., Stack, S., Sinyor, M., Tran, U. S., Voracek, M., Cheng, Q., Arendt, F., Scherr, S., Yip, P. S. F., & Spittal, M. J. (2020). Association between suicide reporting in the media and suicide: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 368, m575. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m575

Okasha, A., & Okasha, T. (2009). Suicide and Islam. In D. Wasserman & C. Wasserman (Eds.), Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention (p. 0). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198570059.003.0008

OECD. (2024). Suicide rates (indicator). http://data.oecd.org/healthstat/suicide-rates.htm

Official Gazette of Italy. (2016). Codice Penale July 2016. https://perma.cc/2FWB-SX5J

Official Gazette of the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina 10/03. (2003, May 28). Criminal Code of Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Office of the High Representative. https://www.ohr.int/laws-of-bih/criminal-legislation/

Official Gazette of the FBiH br. 36/2003, 21/2004 - rev., 69/2004, 18/2005, 42/2010, 42/2011, 59/2014, 76/2014, 46/2016, 75/2017 and 31/2023. (2023). Criminal Code of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. https://www.paragraf.ba/propisi/fbih/krivicni-zakon-federacije-bosne-i-hercegovine.html

Phillips, K. (2021, October 26). A 12-year-old girl live-streamed her suicide. It took two weeks for Facebook to take the video down. Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-intersect/wp/2017/01/15/a-12-year-old-girl-live-streamed-her-suicide-it-took-two-weeks-for-facebook-to-take-the-video-down/

Preventing suicide: A resource for media professionals. (2023). World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240076846

Santora, C. (2020, June 15). Suicide decriminalization and prison abolition. CrimLawandPolicy. https://crimlawandpolicy.wordpress.com/2020/06/15/suicide-decriminalization-and-prison-abolition/

Schmalz, M. (2018, June 12). Why religions of the world condemn suicide. The Conversation. http://theconversation.com/why-religions-of-the-world-condemn-suicide-98067

Secretariat. (2023, November 28). Nigeria progressing decriminalisation with important policy milestones. LifeLine International. https://lifeline-international.com/nigeria-progressing-decriminalisation-with-important-policy-milestones/

Suicide Act 1961. (1961, March 9). Legislation.Gov.Uk. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/9-10/60

The International Association for Suicide Prevention. (n.d.). Global Suicide Statistics. IASP. Retrieved May 27, 2024, from https://www.iasp.info/wspd/references/

World Health Organization. (2023, August 28). Suicide. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/suicide

World Health Organization. (2022). Suicide rates (Crude Suicide Rates) [dataset]. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/themes/mental-health/suicide-rates

World Health Organization. (2019). Suicide worldwide in 2019: Global Health Estimates. https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/9789240026643

Yoon, L. (2024, February 2). Topic: Suicide in South Korea. Statista. https://www.statista.com/topics/8622/suicide-in-south-korea/

Young, I. T., Iglewicz, A., Glorioso, D., Lanouette, N., Seay, K., Ilapakurti, M., & Zisook, S. (2012). Suicide bereavement and complicated grief. PubMed Central, 14(2), 177–186. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2012.14.2/iyoung

Zavala, C. (2017). Manslaughter by text: Is encouraging suicide manslaughter? Seton Hall University.

MÉTRICAS
VISUALIZAÇÕES DO ARTIGO: 466
VISUALIZAÇÕES DO PDF: 857