Aspectos teóricos y aplicados del derecho penal y procesal que garantizan el derecho a la defensa
La relevancia de la investigación se debe al papel cada vez más importante que desempeña el derecho a la defensa en el sistema de justicia penal de Ucrania, especialmente en condiciones de ley marcial, cuando garantizar las garantías procesales se convierte en algo fundamental para el cumplimiento de los principios del Estado de derecho. El objetivo de la investigación es aclarar los mecanismos jurídicos, institucionales y prácticos para la aplicación del derecho a la defensa en los procedimientos penales en Ucrania. La base metodológica son los métodos sistemáticos, jurídicos comparativos, jurídicos formales y estadísticos, que permitieron combinar el análisis del marco normativo, la práctica judicial y los informes internacionales (Consejo de Europa, Eurostat, UNODC, OCDE). Como resultado, se ha constatado que el sistema ucraniano se está acercando gradualmente a las normas europeas, pero sigue presentando retos estructurales, en particular, el acceso limitado del abogado defensor a los materiales del caso, la desigualdad de recursos entre las partes y el control insuficiente de las actuaciones del fiscal. La dinámica de los indicadores para 2021-2024 indica un aumento de la participación de los abogados defensores en los procesos penales y, al mismo tiempo, un aumento de la duración de la investigación previa al juicio. Un análisis comparativo mostró que la financiación del sistema de asistencia jurídica gratuita en Ucrania es entre 2 y 2,5 veces inferior al nivel medio europeo, lo que provoca una asimetría práctica entre las partes del proceso. Los resultados obtenidos pueden utilizarse para desarrollar estrategias estatales en el ámbito de la justicia, mejorar la legislación procesal penal y aumentar la eficacia de la asistencia jurídica.
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